View source for LPIC-2 Objectives V4.5

__FORCETOC__
==Overview of Tasks==

These are required exams for LPI certification Level 2. It covers advanced skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux.  Also, [[LPIC-1_Objectives|LPIC-1]] must be obtained in order to receive the certification.  Exams may be taken in any order but all
of the requirements must be met.

To pass LPIC-2, the candidate should be able to:

*    Administer a small to medium-sized site.
*    Plan, implement, maintain, keep consistent, secure, and troubleshoot a small mixed (MS, Linux) network, including a:
**        LAN server (Samba, NFS, DNS, DHCP, client management).
**        Internet Gateway (firewall, VPN, SSH, web cache/proxy, mail).
**        Internet Server (web server and reverse proxy, FTP server).
*    Supervise assistants.
*    Advise management on automation and purchases.

<br />

==Exams==

In order to be certified [[LPIC-2]], the candidate must pass both the [[#Objectives: Exam 201|201]] and [[#Objectives: Exam 202|202]] exams and be a holder of an active [[LPIC-1]] certification.

* [[#Objectives: Exam 201|201]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 202|202]]

<br />

==Version Information==

These objectives are '''A DRAFT FOR''' version 4.5.0.  This version is to go live on TODO.

This is also a [[#Changes from Version 4.0 to 4.5|summary and detailed information]] on the changes from version 4.0.x to 4.5.0 of the objectives.

The [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4|version 4.0 of the LPIC-2 Objectives]] are still online.

<br />

==Changes from Version 4.0 to 4.5==

===Summary===

Version 4.5 of LPIC-2 contains the following changes in order to reflect the state of recent Linux distributions:

* Increased coverage of systemd, including journaling and filesystem mounting
* Addition of IPv6 and TLS wherever applicable
* Addition of SSSD, DKMS, Btrfs, UEFI, NVMe, xz, iotop, htop, ss, iptraf and Sieve filters
* Updates to Linux 4.x, Apache 2.4, Samba 4 and OpenLDAP directory based configuration
* Removal of detailed knowledge on lilo;  Reduced to awareness level collectd, courier and procmail

In addition, several editorial changes as well as additions and clarifications on the awareness level were made.

===Exam 201===

The following changes constitute the update of exam 201 from version 4.0 to version 4.5.

* 200.1: Added iotop, htop, ss and iptraf
* 200.2: Reduced to awareness level coverage of collectd;  Added awareness of Icinga2
* 201.1: Included coverage of Linux Kernel 4.x and xz compression
* 201.2: Included coverage of Linux Kernel 4.x and DKMS
* 201.3: Included coverage of Linux Kernel 4.x
* 202.1: Added coverage of systemd;  Renamed the objective accordingly
* 202.2: Included UEFI and NVMe booting
* 202.3: Removed lilo;  Added UEFI booting and awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot
* 203.1: Added systemd mount units
* 203.2: Added basic Btrfs operations and awareness of ZFS
* 203.3: Added systemd automount units;  Clarified encryption to mean dm-crypt / LUKS
* 204.1: (no changes)
* 204.2: Added SSD and NVMe configuration and awareness of SAN
* 204.3: Added lvm.conf
* 205.1: Added ip
* 205.2: Added ss and ping6
* 205.3: Added systemd coverage, ip, ss, ping6, traceroute6 and mtr
* 206.1: Added xz
* 206.2: Added systemctl and awareness of Bareos
* 206.3: (no changes)

===Exam 202===

The following changes constitute the update of exam 202 from version 4.0 to version 4.5.

* 207.1: Added named-checkconf
* 207.2: Added named-checkzone, named-compilezone and masterfile-format
* 207.3: Added awareness of DANE and related records
* 208: Renamed topic to "HTTP Services" to avoid confusion with web services
* 208.1: Updated objective to cover Apache HTTPD version 2.4;  Clarified authentication modules and included mod_access_compat
* 208.2: Added SNI and disabling insecure protocols and ciphers;  Removed SSLCertificateChainFile
* 208.3: (no changes)
* 208.4: (no changes)
* 209.1: Updated objective to cover Samba 4, instead of setting up a Workgroup the objective now focuses on standalone and AD member servers
* 209.2: (no changes)
* 210.1: Rephrased the logging aspect to include systemd journaling
* 210.2: Added basic SSSD functionality for LDAP authentication
* 210.3: (no changes)
* 210.4: Updates to cover OpenLDAP directory based configuration;  Removed file based configuration and removed awareness of SSSD (which is now in 210.2)
* 211.1; Added TLS configuration for postfix
* 211.2: Reduced procmail to awareness level;  Added Sieve;  Renamed objective accordingly
* 211.3: Reduced courier to awareness level;  Added TLS configuration for dovecot;  Renamed objective accordingly
* 212.1: Clarified that IP forwarding is included and added IPv6 (ULA, LLA and ip6tables)
* 212.2: (no changes)
* 212.3: (no changes)
* 212.4: (no changes)
* 212.5: (no changes)

<br />

==Addenda==

===''Version Update (TODO)''===

* updated to version 4.5.0

<br /><br />

==Translations of Objectives==

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5|English]]

* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(ES)|Spanish]]

* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(FR)|French]]

* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(DE)|German]]

If you would like to help translating the objectives, please contact [mailto:fthorns@lpi.org Fabian]

<br /><br />

==Objectives: Exam 201==

===''Topic 200: Capacity Planning''===

====<span style="color:navy">200.1 Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage (weight: 6)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 6
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | 

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 

Candidates should be able to measure hardware resource and network bandwidth, identify and troubleshoot resource problems.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Measure CPU usage.

* Measure memory usage.

* Measure disk I/O.

* Measure network I/O.

* Measure firewalling and routing throughput.

* Map client bandwidth usage.

* Match / correlate system symptoms with likely problems.

* Estimate throughput and identify bottlenecks in a system including networking.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* iostat

* iotop

* vmstat

* netstat

* ss

* iptraf

* pstree, ps

* w

* lsof

* top

* htop

* uptime

* sar 

* swap

* processes blocked on I/O

* blocks in

* blocks out 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | 

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 

Candidates should be able to monitor resource usage to predict future resource needs.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage.

* Predict capacity break point of a configuration.

* Observe growth rate of capacity usage.

* Graph the trend of capacity usage.

* Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* diagnose

* predict growth

* resource exhaustion

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 201: Linux Kernel''===

====<span style="color:navy">201.1 Kernel components (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, understanding stable and longterm kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/src/linux/

* /usr/src/linux/Documentation/

* zImage

* bzImage 

* xz compression

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">201.2 Compiling a Linux kernel (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* /usr/src/linux/

* Kernel Makefiles

* Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x make targets 

* Customize the current kernel configuration.

* Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.

* Install a new kernel and any modules.

* Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.

* Module configuration files

* Use DKMS to compile kernel modules.

* Awareness of dracut

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* mkinitrd

* mkinitramfs

* make

* make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg) 

* gzip

* bzip2 

* module tools

* /usr/src/linux/.config

* /lib/modules/kernel-version/

* depmod

* dkms

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">201.3 Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules.  Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.

* Manually load and unload kernel modules.

* Determine when modules can be unloaded.

* Determine what parameters a module accepts.

* Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name. 

* /proc filesystem

* Content of /, /boot/ , and /lib/modules/

* Tools and utilities to analyse information about the available hardware

* udev rules

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep

* module configuration files in /etc/

* /proc/sys/kernel/

* /sbin/depmod

* /sbin/rmmod

* /sbin/modinfo

* /bin/dmesg

* /sbin/lspci

* /usr/bin/lsdev

* /sbin/lsmod

* /sbin/modprobe

* /sbin/insmod

* /bin/uname

* /usr/bin/lsusb 

* /etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/

* /sbin/sysctl 

* udevmonitor

* udevadm monitor

* /etc/udev/

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 202: System Startup''===

====<span style="color:navy">202.1 Customising system startup (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Systemd

* SysV init

* Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB) 


'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/lib/systemd/

* /etc/systemd/

* /run/systemd/

* systemctl

* systemctl-delta

* /etc/inittab

* /etc/init.d/

* /etc/rc.d/

* chkconfig

* update-rc.d

* init and telinit

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">202.2 System recovery (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.  Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders.  GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest.  Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* BIOS and UEFI

* NVMe booting

* GRUB version 2 and Legacy

* grub shell 

* boot loader start and hand off to kernel

* kernel loading

* hardware initialisation and setup

* daemon/service initialisation and setup

* Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.

* Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.

* Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* mount

* fsck

* inittab, telinit and init with SysV init

* The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/

* EFI System Partition (ESP)

* GRUB

* grub-install

* efibootmgr

* UEFI shell

* initrd, initramfs

* Master boot record

* systemctl

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">202.3 Alternate Bootloaders (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX

* Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI

* Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* syslinux

* extlinux

* isolinux.bin

* isolinux.cfg

* isohdpfx.bin

* efiboot.img

* pxelinux.0

* pxelinux.cfg/

* uefi/shim.efi

* uefi/grubx64.efi

<br/>
<br/>

===''Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices''===

====<span style="color:navy">203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* The concept of the fstab configuration

* Tools and utilities for handling swap partitions and files

* Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems

* Understanding of systemd mount units

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab

* /etc/mtab

* /proc/mounts

* mount and umount

* blkid

* sync

* swapon

* swapoff 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4

* Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots

* Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS 

* Awareness of ZFS

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* mkfs (mkfs.*)

* mkswap

* fsck (fsck.*)

* tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs

* btrfs, btrfs-convert

* xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore

* smartd, smartctl

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs and a basic feature knowledge of encrypted filesystems.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* autofs configuration files

* Understanding of automount units

* UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities

* Awareness of other CD-ROM filesystems (HFS)

* Awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito) 

* Basic feature knowledge of data encryption (dm-crypt / LUKS)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/auto.master

* /etc/auto.[dir]

* mkisofs

* cryptsetup

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration''===

====<span style="color:navy">204.1 Configuring RAID (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Software RAID configuration files and utilities 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* mdadm.conf

* mdadm

* /proc/mdstat

* partition type 0xFD 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings including iSCSI devices.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA

* Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe 

* Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)

* Awareness of sdparm command and its uses 

* Tools and utilities for iSCSI

* Awareness of SAN, including relevant protocols (AoE, FCoE)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* hdparm, sdparm

* nvme

* tune2fs

* fstrim

* sysctl

* /dev/hd*, /dev/sd*, /dev/nvme*

* iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf

* WWID, WWN, LUN numbers
<br />

====<span style="color:navy">204.3 Logical Volume Manager (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Tools in the LVM suite

* Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes

* Creating and maintaining snapshots

* Activating volume groups 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sbin/pv*

* /sbin/lv*

* /sbin/vg*

* mount

* /dev/mapper/ 

* lvm.conf

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 205: Networking Configuration''===

====<span style="color:navy">205.1 Basic networking configuration (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network including both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

* Configuring basic access to wireless networks

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip

* ifconfig

* route

* arp

* iw

* iwconfig

* iwlist

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">205.2 Advanced Network Configuration (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device and resolving communication problems.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Utilities to manipulate routing tables

* Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

* Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices

* Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip

* ifconfig

* route

* arp

* ss

* netstat

* lsof

* ping, ping6

* nc

* tcpdump

* nmap

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">205.3 Troubleshooting network issues (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Location and content of access restriction files

* Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

* Utilities to manage routing tables

* Utilities to list network states.

* Utilities to gain information about the network configuration

* Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices

* System initialisation files and their contents (Systemd and SysV init)

* Awareness of NetworkManager and its impact on network configuration

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip

* ifconfig

* route

* ss

* netstat

* /etc/network/, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

* ping, ping6

* traceroute, traceroute6

* mtr

* hostname

* System log files such as /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages and the systemd journal

* dmesg

* /etc/resolv.conf

* /etc/hosts

* /etc/hostname, /etc/HOSTNAME

* /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 206: System Maintenance''===

====<span style="color:navy">206.1 Make and install programs from source (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.

* Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.

* Apply parameters to a configure script.

* Know where sources are stored by default. 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/src/

* gunzip

* gzip

* bzip2

* xz

* tar

* configure

* make

* uname

* install 

* patch

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">206.2 Backup operations (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups

* Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC

* Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media

* Perform partial and manual backups.

* Verify the integrity of backup files.

* Partially or fully restore backups. 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /bin/sh

* dd

* tar

* /dev/st* and /dev/nst*

* mt

* rsync 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">206.3 Notify users on system-related issues (weight: 1)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Automate communication with users through logon messages.

* Inform active users of system maintenance 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/issue

* /etc/issue.net

* /etc/motd

* wall

* shutdown 

* systemctl

<br />
<br />

==Objectives: Exam 202==

===''Topic 207: Domain Name Server''===

====<span style="color:navy">207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to managing a running server and configuring logging.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities

* Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files

* Reloading modified configuration and zone files 

* Awareness of dnsmasq, djbdns and PowerDNS as alternate name servers

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/named.conf

* /var/named/

* rndc

* named-checkconf

* kill 

* host

* dig

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone and hints for root level servers. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities

* Utilities to request information from the DNS server

* Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files

* Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /var/named/

* zone file syntax

* resource record formats

* named-checkzone

* named-compilezone

* masterfile-format

* dig

* nslookup

* host 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">207.3 Securing a DNS server (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* BIND 9 configuration files

* Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail

* Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement 

* Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)

* Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools

* Awareness of DANE and related records

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/named.conf

* /etc/passwd

* DNSSEC

* dnssec-keygen 

* dnssec-signzone

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 208: HTTP Services''===

====<span style="color:navy">208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customise file access. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities

* Apache log files configuration and content

* Access restriction methods and files

* mod_perl and PHP configuration

* Client user authentication files and utilities

* Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients 

* Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)

* Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* access logs and error logs

* .htaccess

* httpd.conf

* mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat

* htpasswd

* AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile

* apachectl, apache2ctl

* httpd, apache2

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* SSL configuration files, tools and utilities

* Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA

* Generate a self-signed Certificate

* Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs

* Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI

* Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL

* Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Apache2 configuration files

* /etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/

* openssl, CA.pl

* SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile

* SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath

* SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities

* Access restriction methods

* Client user authentication methods

* Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* squid.conf

* acl

* http_access 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx.  Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Nginx

* Reverse Proxy

* Basic Web Server

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nginx/

* nginx

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 209: File Sharing''===

====<span style="color:navy">209.1 Samba Server Configuration (weight: 5)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Samba 4 documentation

* Samba 4 configuration files

* Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons

* Mounting CIFS shares on Linux

* Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names

* User-Level, Share-Level and AD security 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* smbd, nmbd, winbindd

* smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup

* samba-tool

* net

* smbclient

* mount.cifs

* /etc/samba/

* /var/log/samba/ 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">209.2 NFS Server Configuration (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* NFS version 3 configuration files

* NFS tools and utilities

* Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets

* Mount options on server and client

* TCP Wrappers 

* Awareness of NFSv4

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/exports

* exportfs

* showmount

* nfsstat

* /proc/mounts

* /etc/fstab

* rpcinfo

* mountd

* portmapper

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 210: Network Client Management''===

====<span style="color:navy">210.1 DHCP configuration (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities

* Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dhcpd.conf

* dhcpd.leases

* DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal

* arp

* dhcpd 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">210.2 PAM authentication (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* PAM configuration files, terms and utilities

* passwd and shadow passwords 

* Use sssd for LDAP authentication

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/pam.d/

* pam.conf

* nsswitch.conf

* pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss

* sssd.conf

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">210.3 LDAP client usage (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* LDAP utilities for data management and queries

* Change user passwords

* Querying the LDAP directory 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldapsearch

* ldappasswd

* ldapadd

* ldapdelete 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* OpenLDAP

* Directory based configuration

* Access Control

* Distinguished Names

* Changetype Operations

* Schemas and Whitepages

* Directories

* Object IDs, Attributes and Classes

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* slapd

* slapd-config

* LDIF

* slapadd

* slapcat

* slapindex

* /var/lib/ldap/

* loglevel

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 211: E-Mail Services''===

====<span style="color:navy">211.1 Using e-mail servers (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configuration files for postfix

* Basic TLS configuration for postfix

* Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol

* Awareness of sendmail and exim 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Configuration files and commands for postfix

* /etc/postfix/

* /var/spool/postfix/

* sendmail emulation layer commands

* /etc/aliases

* mail-related logs in /var/log/ 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators

* Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size

* Awareness of procmail

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Conditions and comparison operators

* keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop

* Dovecot vacation extension

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons. 
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration

* Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot

* Awareness of Courier

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/dovecot/

* dovecot.conf 

* doveconf

* doveadm

<br />
<br />

===''Topic 212: System Security''===

====<span style="color:navy">212.1 Configuring a router (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities

* Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.

* Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)

* Port redirection and IP forwarding

* List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address

* Save and reload filtering configurations 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /proc/sys/net/ipv4/

* /proc/sys/net/ipv6/

* /etc/services

* iptables 

* ip6tables

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">212.2 Managing FTP servers (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd

* Awareness of ProFTPd

* Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vsftpd.conf

* important Pure-FTPd command line options 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (weight: 4)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities

* Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users

* Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password

* Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh

* sshd

* /etc/ssh/sshd_config

* /etc/ssh/

* Private and public key files

* PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">212.4 Security tasks (weight: 3)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server

* Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources

* Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)

* Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* telnet

* nmap

* fail2ban

* nc

* iptables 

<br />

====<span style="color:navy">212.5 OpenVPN (weight: 2)</span>====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" | 

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections.
|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* OpenVPN 

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/openvpn/

* openvpn

<br />
<br />

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Extend the amount of NetworkManager covered, i.e. including the CLI

* lighttpd would have been too much coverage of web services.  Perhaps reduce Apache next revision to make room.

* host level IDS (tripwire, AIDE, etc) to be covered in future LPIC-1.

* introduction (or more) to FreeIPA

* add coverage of mod_security and mod_evasive to Apache HTTP (maybe as a separate topic: Web Application Firewall)

* add coverage of a higher-level firewall package like firewalld or ufw

* Reconsider mod_perl