View source for LPIC-303(ES)

__FORCETOC__
==Introduccion==
La descripción del programa completo [[LPIC-3]] figura en la lista [[LPIC-3 | aquí]].
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==Información de versión==

Estos son los objetivos  de la versión 2.0.0.
La versión [[LPIC-303 Objetivos V1 | 1.x objetivos]] se puede encontrar [[LPIC-303 Objetivos V1 | aquí]].

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==Traducciones de objetivos ==
Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en esta wiki:
* [[LPIC-303|Ingles]]
* [[LPIC-303(ES)|Español]]
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==Objetivos==
===''Topic 325: Criptografía''===
====<span style="color:navy">325.1 X.509 Certificados e Infraestructuras de Clave Pública (peso: 5)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should understand X.509 certificates and public key infrastructures. They should know how to configure and use OpenSSL to implement certification authorities and issue SSL certificates for various purposes.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions.
* Understand trust chains and public key infrastructures.
* Generate and manage public and private keys.
* Create, operate and secure a certification authority.
* Request, sign and manage server and client certificates.
* Revoke certificates and certification authorities.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* openssl, including relevant subcommands
* OpenSSL configuration
* PEM, DER, PKCS
* CSR
* CRL
* OCSP

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====<span style="color:navy">325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD. The version of Apache HTTPD covered is 2.4 or higher.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand of SSL, TLS and protocol versions.
* Understand common transport layer security threats, for example Man-in-the-Middle.
* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service, including SNI and HSTS.
* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates.
* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OCSP stapling.
* Use OpenSSL for SSL/TLS client and server tests. 
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* Intermediate certification authorities
* Cipher configuration (no cipher-specific knowledge)
* httpd.conf
* mod_ssl
* openssl

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====<span style="color:navy">325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up and configure encrypted file systems. 
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand block device and file system encryption.
* Use dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices.
* Use eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories and PAM integration.
* Be aware of plain dm-crypt and EncFS.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* cryptsetup
* cryptmount
* /etc/crypttab
* ecryptfsd
* ecryptfs-* commands
* mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
* pam_ecryptfs

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====<span style="color:navy">325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE.
* Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones.
* Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients. 
* Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
* Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover
* Maintenance and re-signing of zones
* Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS.
* Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records
* DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA
* DO-Bit, AD-Bit
* TSIG
* named.conf
* dnssec-keygen
* dnssec-signzone
* dnssec-settime
* dnssec-dsfromkey
* rndc
* dig
* delv
* openssl

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===''Topic 326: Host Security''===

====<span style="color:navy">326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security.
* Disable useless software and services.
* Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration.
* Limit resource usage.
* Work with chroot environments.
* Drop unnecessary capabilities.
* Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* grub.cfg
* chkconfig, systemctl
* ulimit
* /etc/security/limits.conf
* pam_limits.so
* chroot
* sysctl
* /etc/sysctl.conf
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====<span style="color:navy">326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of common host intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance as well as automated host scans.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Use and configure the Linux Audit system.
* Use chkrootkit.
* Use and configure rkhunter, including updates.
* Use Linux Malware Detect.
* Automate host scans using cron.
* Configure and use AIDE, including rule management.
* Be aware of OpenSCAP.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* auditd
* auditctl
* ausearch, aureport
* auditd.conf
* audit.rules
* pam_tty_audit.so
* chkrootkit
* rkhunter
* /etc/rkhunter.conf
* maldet
* conf.maldet
* aide
* /etc/aide/aide.conf

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====<span style="color:navy">326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of NSS, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as enforcing a password policy. 
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand and configure NSS.
* Understand and configure PAM.
* Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes.
* Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts.
* Configure and use SSSD.
* Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD.
* Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains.
* Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets.
'''TLa siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* nsswitch.conf
* /etc/login.defs
* pam_cracklib.so
* chage
* pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so
* faillog
* pam_sss.so
* sssd
* sssd.conf
* sss_* commands
* krb5.conf
* kinit, klist, kdestroy

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====<span style="color:navy">326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v4.x. This includes installation and maintenance of a server instance with a FreeIPA domain as well as integration of FreeIPA with Active Directory.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components.
* Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA.
* Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain.
* Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts.
* Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger
* ipa, including relevant subcommands
* ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install
* ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage
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===''Topic 327: Access Control''===
====<span style="color:navy">327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID.
* Understand and manage access control lists.
* Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* getfacl
* setfacl
* getfattr
* setfattr 

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====<span style="color:navy">327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC.
* Configure, manage and use SELinux.
* Be aware of AppArmor and Smack.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled
* getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool
* fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles
* newrole, runcon
* semanage
* sestatus, seinfo
* apol
* seaudit, seaudit-report, audit2why, audit2allow
* /etc/selinux/*

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====<span style="color:navy">327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 clients and servers as well as CIFS client services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements.
* Configure NFSv4 server and clients.
* Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos).
* Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system.
* Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs.
* Configure CIFS clients.
* Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions.
* Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos).
* Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system.


'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* /etc/exports 
* /etc/idmap.conf
* nfs4acl
* mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes
* winbind
* getcifsacl, setcifsacl

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===''Topic 328: Network Security''===
====<span style="color:navy">328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to secure networks against common threats. This includes verification of the effectiveness of security measures.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
* Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
* Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics.
* Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* radiusd
* radmin
* radtest, radclient
* radlast, radwho
* radiusd.conf
* /etc/raddb/*
* nmap
* wireshark
* tshark
* tcpdump
* ndpmon

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====<span style="color:navy">328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Implement bandwidth usage monitoring.
* Configure and use Snort, including rule management.
* Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL.
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* ntop
* Cacti
* snort
* snort-stat
* /etc/snort/*
* openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser
* openvas-nvt-sync
* openvassd
* openvas-mkcert
* /etc/openvas/*

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====<span style="color:navy">328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ.
* Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
* Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
* Implement connection tracking and network address translation.
* Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules.
* Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
* Have basic knowledge of ebtables.
* Be aware of conntrackd.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* iptables
* ip6tables
* iptables-save, iptables-restore 
* ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore 
* ipset
* nft
* ebtables
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====<span style="color:navy">328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks.
* Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon.
* Awareness of L2TP.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* /etc/openvpn/*
* openvpn server and client
* setkey
* /etc/ipsec-tools.conf
* /etc/racoon/racoon.conf

==Other Comments for consideration==

As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:

1) <del><b>Related to Wireless LAN:</b> (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)</del>

Some aspects (i.e. Radius) are implemented in V2 (fth)

2) <del><b>Related to IPv6:</b> Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.</del>

Implemented in V2 wherever applicable (fth)

3) <del><b>Security features in Linux:</b> For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.</del>

Implemented in host hardening in V2 (fth)

4) <del><b>Related to Forensics:</b> In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.</del>

This is an interesting topic, but it goes beyond basic security in the sense it "prevention and defending". This is postmortal analysis. As the exam already contains a lot of topic this is postponed but up to discussion (fth)

5) <del><b>Database (RDB, NoSQL) security:</b> Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest almost every time. Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.</del>

As the other software / service aspects beyond Linux system security have been dropped this is considered out of scope for now too (fth)

6) <del><b>Related to OpenFlow:</b> There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.</del>

This is considered as an application aspect which seems to be beyond the scope for not (fth).

7) <del><b>RADIUS:</b> This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.</del>

Implemented in V2 (fth)

8) <del><b>DNS:</b> More DNSSEC and DANE.</del>

Implemented in V2 (fth)

9) <del><b>Secure development, hardening</b></del>

Hardening has been implemented for both hosts and networks in V2 (fth), Secure development is considered out of scope for now (fth)

10) Certificate Transparency

==Changes since version 1==

===321.3===
The following aspects have been removed from objective 321.3 User Management and Authentication:

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Kerberos Key Distribution Centre
* Kerberos Principals
* Kerberos Tickets
* password cracking  
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* krb5.conf
* krb5kdc/kdc.conf
* kdb5_util
* rb5kdc/kadm5.acl
* kadmin, kadmin.local
* john

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====<span style="color:navy">320.3 Advanced GPG</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Use GPG for encryption and signing.
* Configure GPG.
* Manage private and public keys.
* Interact with GPG key servers to publish and retrieve public keys. 
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:'''
* gpg
* gpgv
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/*

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====<span style="color:navy">320.6 OpenSSH</span>====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services. 
|}
'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''
* Configure and use OpenSSH.
* Manage OpenSSH keys and access control.
* Be aware of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues.
'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:''
* /etc/ssh/*
* ~/.ssh/*
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-vulnkey 

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