Difference between revisions of "LPIC-303 Objectives V2"

Latest revision as of 04:35, 3 May 2019

Introduction

The description of the entire LPIC-3 program is listed here.

Version Information

These objectives are version 2.0.0.

The version 1.x objectives can be found here.

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

Objectives

Topic 325: Cryptography

325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should understand X.509 certificates and public key infrastructures. They should know how to configure and use OpenSSL to implement certification authorities and issue SSL certificates for various purposes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions.
Understand trust chains and public key infrastructures.
Generate and manage public and private keys.
Create, operate and secure a certification authority.
Request, sign and manage server and client certificates.
Revoke certificates and certification authorities.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

openssl, including relevant subcommands
OpenSSL configuration
PEM, DER, PKCS
CSR
CRL
OCSP

325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD. The version of Apache HTTPD covered is 2.4 or higher.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand of SSL, TLS and protocol versions.
Understand common transport layer security threats, for example Man-in-the-Middle.
Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service, including SNI and HSTS.
Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates.
Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OCSP stapling.
Use OpenSSL for SSL/TLS client and server tests.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Intermediate certification authorities
Cipher configuration (no cipher-specific knowledge)
httpd.conf
mod_ssl
openssl

325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to set up and configure encrypted file systems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand block device and file system encryption.
Use dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices.
Use eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories and PAM integration.
Be aware of plain dm-crypt and EncFS.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cryptsetup
cryptmount
/etc/crypttab
ecryptfsd
ecryptfs-* commands
mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
pam_ecryptfs

325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE.
Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones.
Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients.
Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover
Maintenance and re-signing of zones
Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS.
Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records
DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA
DO-Bit, AD-Bit
TSIG
named.conf
dnssec-keygen
dnssec-signzone
dnssec-settime
dnssec-dsfromkey
rndc
dig
delv
openssl

Topic 326: Host Security

326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security.
Disable useless software and services.
Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration.
Limit resource usage.
Work with chroot environments.
Drop unnecessary capabilities.
Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

grub.cfg
chkconfig, systemctl
ulimit
/etc/security/limits.conf
pam_limits.so
chroot
sysctl
/etc/sysctl.conf

326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of common host intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance as well as automated host scans.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use and configure the Linux Audit system.
Use chkrootkit.
Use and configure rkhunter, including updates.
Use Linux Malware Detect.
Automate host scans using cron.
Configure and use AIDE, including rule management.
Be aware of OpenSCAP.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

auditd
auditctl
ausearch, aureport
auditd.conf
audit.rules
pam_tty_audit.so
chkrootkit
rkhunter
/etc/rkhunter.conf
maldet
conf.maldet
aide
/etc/aide/aide.conf

326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of NSS, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as enforcing a password policy.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand and configure NSS.
Understand and configure PAM.
Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes.
Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts.
Configure and use SSSD.
Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD.
Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains.
Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

nsswitch.conf
/etc/login.defs
pam_cracklib.so
chage
pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so
faillog
pam_sss.so
sssd
sssd.conf
sss_* commands
krb5.conf
kinit, klist, kdestroy

326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v4.x. This includes installation and maintenance of a server instance with a FreeIPA domain as well as integration of FreeIPA with Active Directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components.
Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA.
Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain.
Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts.
Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger
ipa, including relevant subcommands
ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install
ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage

Topic 327: Access Control

327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID.
Understand and manage access control lists.
Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

getfacl
setfacl
getfattr
setfattr

327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC.
Configure, manage and use SELinux.
Be aware of AppArmor and Smack.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled
getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool
fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles
newrole, runcon
semanage
sestatus, seinfo
apol
seaudit, seaudit-report, audit2why, audit2allow
/etc/selinux/*

327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 clients and servers as well as CIFS client services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements.
Configure NFSv4 server and clients.
Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos).
Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system.
Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs.
Configure CIFS clients.
Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions.
Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos).
Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/exports
/etc/idmapd.conf
nfs4acl
mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes
winbind
getcifsacl, setcifsacl

Topic 328: Network Security

328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to secure networks against common threats. This includes verification of the effectiveness of security measures.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics.
Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

radiusd
radmin
radtest, radclient
radlast, radwho
radiusd.conf
/etc/raddb/*
nmap
wireshark
tshark
tcpdump
ndpmon

328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Implement bandwidth usage monitoring.
Configure and use Snort, including rule management.
Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ntop
Cacti
snort
snort-stat
/etc/snort/*
openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser
openvas-nvt-sync
openvassd
openvas-mkcert
/etc/openvas/*

328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ.
Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
Implement connection tracking and network address translation.
Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules.
Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
Have basic knowledge of ebtables.
Be aware of conntrackd.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

iptables
ip6tables
iptables-save, iptables-restore
ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore
ipset
nft
ebtables

328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks.
Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon.
Awareness of L2TP.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/openvpn/*
openvpn server and client
setkey
/etc/ipsec-tools.conf
/etc/racoon/racoon.conf

Other Comments for consideration

As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:

1) Related to Wireless LAN: (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)

Some aspects (i.e. Radius) are implemented in V2 (fth)

2) Related to IPv6: Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.

Implemented in V2 wherever applicable (fth)

3) Security features in Linux: For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.

Implemented in host hardening in V2 (fth)

4) Related to Forensics: In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.

This is an interesting topic, but it goes beyond basic security in the sense it "prevention and defending". This is postmortal analysis. As the exam already contains a lot of topic this is postponed but up to discussion (fth)

5) Database (RDB, NoSQL) security: Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest almost every time. Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.

As the other software / service aspects beyond Linux system security have been dropped this is considered out of scope for now too (fth)

6) Related to OpenFlow: There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.

This is considered as an application aspect which seems to be beyond the scope for not (fth).

7) RADIUS: This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.

Implemented in V2 (fth)

8) DNS: More DNSSEC and DANE.

Implemented in V2 (fth)

9) ~~Secure development, hardening~~

Hardening has been implemented for both hosts and networks in V2 (fth), Secure development is considered out of scope for now (fth)

10) Certificate Transparency

11) polkit

Changes since version 1

321.3

The following aspects have been removed from objective 321.3 User Management and Authentication:

Key Knowledge Areas:

Kerberos Key Distribution Centre
Kerberos Principals
Kerberos Tickets
password cracking

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

krb5.conf
krb5kdc/kdc.conf
kdb5_util
rb5kdc/kadm5.acl
kadmin, kadmin.local
john

320.3 Advanced GPG

Weight	To be determined
Description	Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use GPG for encryption and signing.
Configure GPG.
Manage private and public keys.
Interact with GPG key servers to publish and retrieve public keys.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

gpg
gpgv
gpg-agent
~/.gnupg/*

320.6 OpenSSH

Weight	To be determined
Description	Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure and use OpenSSH.
Manage OpenSSH keys and access control.
Be aware of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/ssh/*
~/.ssh/*
ssh-keygen
ssh-agent
ssh-vulnkey

Difference between revisions of "LPIC-303 Objectives V2"

Latest revision as of 04:35, 3 May 2019

Contents

Introduction

Version Information

Translations of Objectives

Objectives

Topic 325: Cryptography

325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (weight: 5)

325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)

325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)

325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)

Topic 326: Host Security

326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)

326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)

326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)

Topic 327: Access Control

327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)

327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)

327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)

Topic 328: Network Security

328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)

328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)

328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)

Other Comments for consideration

Changes since version 1

321.3

320.3 Advanced GPG

320.6 OpenSSH

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __FORCETOC__
 ==Introduction==
-The description of the entire [[LPIC-3]] programme is listed [[LPIC-3|here]].
+The description of the entire [[LPIC-3]] program is listed [[LPIC-3|here]].
 <br />
 <br />
 ==Version Information==
-This is a draft collecting possible changes for objectives version 2.0.0. Right now, this is not authoritative in any way.
+These objectives are version 2.0.0.
+The version [[LPIC-303 Objectives V1|1.x objectives]] can be found [[LPIC-303 Objectives V1|here]].
 <br />
@@ Line 16: / Line 20: @@
 ==Objectives==
-===''Topic 320: Cryptography''===
+===''Topic 325: Cryptography''===
-====<span style="color:navy">320.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should understand X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures. They should know how to configure and OpenSSL to implement Certification Authorities and issue SSL certificates for various purposes.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should understand X.509 certificates and public key infrastructures. They should know how to configure and use OpenSSL to implement certification authorities and issue SSL certificates for various purposes.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* X.509, X.509v3 extended attributes
+* Understand X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions.
-* Public Key Infrastructures
+* Understand trust chains and public key infrastructures.
-* Trust Chain
+* Generate and manage public and private keys.
-* Server, Client and CA certificates
+* Create, operate and secure a certification authority.
-* CA management
+* Request, sign and manage server and client certificates.
-* OpenSSL
+* Revoke certificates and certification authorities.
-* Key generation
-* Certificate requests and signing
-* SSL/TLS client and server tests
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* openssl
+* openssl, including relevant subcommands
-* RSA, DH and DSA
+* OpenSSL configuration
-* SSL
+* PEM, DER, PKCS
-* X.509
 * CSR
-* OSCP
+* CRL
-* CRL
+* OCSP
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.2 X509 Certificate Usage for Encryption, Signing and Authentication</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use X.509 Certificate for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD. The version of Apache HTTPD covered is 2.4 or higher.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
+* Understand of SSL, TLS and protocol versions.
+* Understand common transport layer security threats, for example Man-in-the-Middle.
+* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service, including SNI and HSTS.
+* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates.
+* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OCSP stapling.
+* Use OpenSSL for SSL/TLS client and server tests.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* Intermediate certification authorities
+* Cipher configuration (no cipher-specific knowledge)
+* httpd.conf
+* mod_ssl
+* openssl
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.3 Advanced GPG</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up and configure encrypted file systems.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* GPG encryption and signing
+* Understand block device and file system encryption.
-* private/public key management
+* Use dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices.
-* GPG key servers
+* Use eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories and PAM integration.
-* GPG configuration
+* Be aware of plain dm-crypt and EncFS.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* gpg
+* cryptsetup
-* gpgv
+* cryptmount
-* gpg-agent
+* /etc/crypttab
-* ~/.gnupg/
+* ecryptfsd
+* ecryptfs-* commands
+* mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
+* pam_ecryptfs
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.4 Encrypted Filesystems</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to setup and configure encrypted filesystems.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* LUKS
+* Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE.
-* dm-crypt and awareness of CBC, ESSIV, LRW and XTS modes
+* Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones.
+* Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients.
+* Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
+* Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover
+* Maintenance and re-signing of zones
+* Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS.
+* Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* dm-crypt
+* DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records
-* cryptmount
+* DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA
-* cryptsetup
+* DO-Bit, AD-Bit
+* TSIG
+* named.conf
+* dnssec-keygen
+* dnssec-signzone
+* dnssec-settime
+* dnssec-dsfromkey
+* rndc
+* dig
+* delv
+* openssl
 <br />
 <br />
-===''Topic 321: Host security''===
+===''Topic 326: Host Security''===
-====<span style="color:navy">321.1 User Management and Authentication</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 6
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of nsswitch, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as password cracking.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* nsswitch
+* Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security.
-* PAM and PAM configuration files
+* Disable useless software and services.
-* SSSD daemon and command line tools
+* Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration.
-* Configuring NSS and PAM for use with SSSD
+* Limit resource usage.
-* Authenticate against a local, LDAP and Kerberos domain
+* Work with chroot environments.
-* Kerberos Key Distribution Centre
+* Drop unnecessary capabilities.
-* Kerberos Principals
+* Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization.
-* Kerberos Tickets
-* password cracking
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* nsswitch.conf
+* grub.cfg
-* SSSD
+* chkconfig, systemctl
-* sss_* commands
+* ulimit
-* sssd.conf
+* /etc/security/limits.conf
-* kinit
+* pam_limits.so
-* krb5.conf
+* chroot
-* krb5kdc/kdc.conf
+* sysctl
-* kdb5_util
+* /etc/sysctl.conf
-* rb5kdc/kadm5.acl
-* klist
-* kadmin, kadmin.local
-* john
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">321.2 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
@@ Line 139: / Line 164: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v3.x installation process of creating a server instance.  Knowledge of the components used by FreeIPA. Candidates should be able to integrate with Samba for group management, Kerberized CIFS and as an AD DC with FreeIPA.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of common host intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance as well as automated host scans.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* System and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA
+* Use and configure the Linux Audit system.
-* FreeIPA Components: LDAP, Kerberos, PKI, DNS, Certmonger
+* Use chkrootkit.
-* Cross-realm trusts
+* Use and configure rkhunter, including updates.
+* Use Linux Malware Detect.
+* Automate host scans using cron.
+* Configure and use AIDE, including rule management.
+* Be aware of OpenSCAP.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* ipa-server-install and options
+* auditd
-* ipa
+* auditctl
-* ipa trust-add-ad
+* ausearch, aureport
-* ipa config-mod
+* auditd.conf
-* net
+* audit.rules
-* ldapadd
+* pam_tty_audit.so
+* chkrootkit
-<br />
+* rkhunter
-<br />
+* /etc/rkhunter.conf
+* maldet
+* conf.maldet
+* aide
+* /etc/aide/aide.conf
 <br />
-===''Topic 322: Access Control''===
+====<span style="color:navy">326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)</span>====
-====<span style="color:navy">322.1 Discretionary Access Control</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
@@ Line 168: / Line 197: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Furthermore, Candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of NSS, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as enforcing a password policy.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* File ownership and permissions
+* Understand and configure NSS.
-* ACLs
+* Understand and configure PAM.
-* EAs and attribute classes
+* Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes.
+* Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts.
+* Configure and use SSSD.
+* Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD.
+* Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains.
+* Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* getfacl
+* nsswitch.conf
-* setfacl
+* /etc/login.defs
-* getfattr
+* pam_cracklib.so
-* setfattr
+* chage
-<br />
+* pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so
-====<span style="color:navy">322.2 Mandatory Access Control</span>====
+* faillog
-{|
+* pam_sss.so
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+* sssd
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 8
+* sssd.conf
-|-
+* sss_* commands
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+* krb5.conf
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. In especially, Candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Furthermore, Candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.
+* kinit, klist, kdestroy
-|}
-'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* SELinux configuration and command line tools
-* TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC concepts and use
-* SMACK
-* AppArmor
-'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* fixfiles/setfiles
-* newrole
-* setenforce/getenforce
-* selinuxenabled
-* semanage
-* sestatus
-* /etc/selinux/
-* /etc/selinux.d/
-* SMACK
-* AppArmor
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">322.3 Network file systems</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 NFS services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v4.x. This includes installation and maintenance of a server instance with a FreeIPA domain as well as integration of FreeIPA with Active Directory.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* NFSv4 security improvements, issues and use
+* Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components.
-* NFSv4 pseudo file system
+* Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA.
-* NFSv4 security mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos)
+* Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain.
+* Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts.
+* Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* NFSv4 ACLs
+* 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger
-* nfs4acl
+* ipa, including relevant subcommands
-* RPCSEC_GSS
+* ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install
-* /etc/exports
+* ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage
 <br />
 <br />
-===''Topic 322: Application Security''===
+===''Topic 327: Access Control''===
-====<span style="color:navy">322.1 BIND/DNS</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of BIND DNS services.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* BIND v9
+* Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID.
-* BIND vulnerabilities
+* Understand and manage access control lists.
-* chroot environments
+* Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* TSIG
+* getfacl
-* BIND ACLs
+* setfacl
-* named-checkconf
+* getfattr
+* setfattr
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">322.2 Mail Services</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of Postfix mail services. Awareness of security issues in Sendmail is also required but not configuration.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Postfix security centric configuration
+* Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC.
-* securing Sendmail
+* Configure, manage and use SELinux.
-* chroot environments
+* Be aware of AppArmor and Smack.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* /etc/postfix/
+* getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled
-* TLS
+* getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool
+* fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles
+* newrole, runcon
+* semanage
+* sestatus, seinfo
+* apol
+* seaudit, seaudit-report, audit2why, audit2allow
+* /etc/selinux/*
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">322.7 Syslog</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of syslog services.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 clients and servers as well as CIFS client services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* syslog security issues
-* chroot environments
+* Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements.
+* Configure NFSv4 server and clients.
+* Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos).
+* Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system.
+* Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs.
+* Configure CIFS clients.
+* Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions.
+* Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos).
+* Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* remote syslog servers
+* /etc/exports
+* /etc/idmapd.conf
+* nfs4acl
+* mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes
+* winbind
+* getcifsacl, setcifsacl
 <br />
 <br />
-===''Topic 324: Network Security''===
-====<span style="color:navy">324.1 Intrusion Detection</span>====
+===''Topic 328: Network Security''===
+====<span style="color:navy">328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
@@ Line 282: / Line 331: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of intrusion detection software.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to secure networks against common threats. This includes verification of the effectiveness of security measures.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Snort configuration, rules and use
+* Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
-* Tripwire configuration, policies and use
+* Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
-'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics.
-* snort
+* Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages.
-* snort-stat
-* /etc/snort/
-* tripwire
-* twadmin
-* /etc/tripwire/
-<br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.2 Network Security Scanning</span>====
-{|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
-|-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning tools.
-|}
-'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Nessus configuration, NASL and use
-* Wireshark filters and use
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* radiusd
+* radmin
+* radtest, radclient
+* radlast, radwho
+* radiusd.conf
+* /etc/raddb/*
 * nmap
 * wireshark
 * tshark
 * tcpdump
-* nessus
+* ndpmon
-* nessus-adduser/nessus-rmuser
-* nessusd
-* nessus-mkcert
-* /etc/nessus
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.3 Network Monitoring</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network monitoring tools.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Nagios configuration and use
+* Implement bandwidth usage monitoring.
-* ntop
+* Configure and use Snort, including rule management.
+* Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ntop
-* nagios
+* Cacti
-* nagiostats
+* snort
-* nagios.cfg and other configuration files
+* snort-stat
+* /etc/snort/*
+* openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser
+* openvas-nvt-sync
+* openvassd
+* openvas-mkcert
+* /etc/openvas/*
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.4 netfilter/iptables</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
@@ Line 340: / Line 385: @@
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of iptables.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Iptables packet filtering and network address translation
+* Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ.
+* Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
+* Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
+* Implement connection tracking and network address translation.
+* Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules.
+* Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
+* Have basic knowledge of ebtables.
+* Be aware of conntrackd.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * iptables
-* iptables-save/iptables-restore
+* ip6tables
+* iptables-save, iptables-restore
+* ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore
+* ipset
+* nft
+* ebtables
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.5 OpenVPN</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* OpenVPN configuration and use
+* Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks.
+* Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon.
+* Awareness of L2TP.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* /etc/openvpn/
+* /etc/openvpn/*
 * openvpn server and client
+* setkey
+* /etc/ipsec-tools.conf
+* /etc/racoon/racoon.conf
+==Other Comments for consideration==
+As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:
-==Other Comments for consideration==
+) <del><b>Related to Wireless LAN:</b> (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)</del>
-Secure development, hardening
+Some aspects (i.e. Radius) are implemented in V2 (fth)
-As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:
+) <del><b>Related to IPv6:</b> Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.</del>
-) Related to Wireless LAN:
+Implemented in V2 wherever applicable (fth)
-(Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because
+) <del><b>Security features in Linux:</b> For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.</del>
-there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security
+Implemented in host hardening in V2 (fth)
-measure.)
+) <del><b>Related to Forensics:</b> In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.</del>
-) Related to IPv6:
+This is an interesting topic, but it goes beyond basic security in the sense it "prevention and defending". This is postmortal analysis. As the exam already contains a lot of topic this is postponed but up to discussion (fth)
-Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.
+) <del><b>Database (RDB, NoSQL) security:</b> Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest almost every time. Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.</del>
-) Security features in Linux:
+As the other software / service aspects beyond Linux system security have been dropped this is considered out of scope for now too (fth)
-For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered,
+) <del><b>Related to OpenFlow:</b> There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.</del>
-because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.
+This is considered as an application aspect which seems to be beyond the scope for not (fth).
-) Related to Forensics:
+) <del><b>RADIUS:</b> This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.</del>
-In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze
+Implemented in V2 (fth)
-the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be
+) <del><b>DNS:</b> More DNSSEC and DANE.</del>
-used to restore the disk which became un-mountable.
+Implemented in V2 (fth)
-So that this area should be learned.
+) <del><b>Secure development, hardening</b></del>
-) Database (RDB, NoSQL) security:
+Hardening has been implemented for both hosts and networks in V2 (fth), Secure development is considered out of scope for now (fth)
-Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item
+) Certificate Transparency
-would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest
+) polkit
-almost every time.
+==Changes since version 1==
-Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.
+===321.3===
+The following aspects have been removed from objective 321.3 User Management and Authentication:
-) Related to OpenFlow:
+'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
+* Kerberos Key Distribution Centre
+* Kerberos Principals
+* Kerberos Tickets
+* password cracking
+'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* krb5.conf
+* krb5kdc/kdc.conf
+* kdb5_util
+* rb5kdc/kadm5.acl
+* kadmin, kadmin.local
+* john
-There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about
+<br />
-the configuration of OpenFlow.
-) RADIUS
-This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now.
+====<span style="color:navy">320.3 Advanced GPG</span>====
+{|
+| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+|-
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.
+|}
+'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
+* Use GPG for encryption and signing.
+* Configure GPG.
+* Manage private and public keys.
+* Interact with GPG key servers to publish and retrieve public keys.
+'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* gpg
+* gpgv
+* gpg-agent
+* ~/.gnupg/*
-This should be covered.
+<br />
-) DNS
-More DNSSEC and DANE.
+====<span style="color:navy">320.6 OpenSSH</span>====
+{|
+| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+|-
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services.
+|}
+'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
+* Configure and use OpenSSH.
+* Manage OpenSSH keys and access control.
+* Be aware of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues.
+'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* /etc/ssh/*
+* ~/.ssh/*
+* ssh-keygen
+* ssh-agent
+* ssh-vulnkey
+<br />