Difference between revisions of "LPIC-303 Objectives V2"

Latest revision as of 04:35, 3 May 2019

Introduction

The description of the entire LPIC-3 program is listed here.

Version Information

These objectives are version 2.0.0.

The version 1.x objectives can be found here.

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

Objectives

Topic 325: Cryptography

325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should understand X.509 certificates and public key infrastructures. They should know how to configure and use OpenSSL to implement certification authorities and issue SSL certificates for various purposes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions.
Understand trust chains and public key infrastructures.
Generate and manage public and private keys.
Create, operate and secure a certification authority.
Request, sign and manage server and client certificates.
Revoke certificates and certification authorities.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

openssl, including relevant subcommands
OpenSSL configuration
PEM, DER, PKCS
CSR
CRL
OCSP

325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD. The version of Apache HTTPD covered is 2.4 or higher.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand of SSL, TLS and protocol versions.
Understand common transport layer security threats, for example Man-in-the-Middle.
Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service, including SNI and HSTS.
Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates.
Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OCSP stapling.
Use OpenSSL for SSL/TLS client and server tests.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Intermediate certification authorities
Cipher configuration (no cipher-specific knowledge)
httpd.conf
mod_ssl
openssl

325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to set up and configure encrypted file systems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand block device and file system encryption.
Use dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices.
Use eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories and PAM integration.
Be aware of plain dm-crypt and EncFS.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cryptsetup
cryptmount
/etc/crypttab
ecryptfsd
ecryptfs-* commands
mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
pam_ecryptfs

325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE.
Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones.
Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients.
Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover
Maintenance and re-signing of zones
Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS.
Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records
DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA
DO-Bit, AD-Bit
TSIG
named.conf
dnssec-keygen
dnssec-signzone
dnssec-settime
dnssec-dsfromkey
rndc
dig
delv
openssl

Topic 326: Host Security

326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security.
Disable useless software and services.
Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration.
Limit resource usage.
Work with chroot environments.
Drop unnecessary capabilities.
Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

grub.cfg
chkconfig, systemctl
ulimit
/etc/security/limits.conf
pam_limits.so
chroot
sysctl
/etc/sysctl.conf

326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of common host intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance as well as automated host scans.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use and configure the Linux Audit system.
Use chkrootkit.
Use and configure rkhunter, including updates.
Use Linux Malware Detect.
Automate host scans using cron.
Configure and use AIDE, including rule management.
Be aware of OpenSCAP.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

auditd
auditctl
ausearch, aureport
auditd.conf
audit.rules
pam_tty_audit.so
chkrootkit
rkhunter
/etc/rkhunter.conf
maldet
conf.maldet
aide
/etc/aide/aide.conf

326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of NSS, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as enforcing a password policy.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand and configure NSS.
Understand and configure PAM.
Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes.
Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts.
Configure and use SSSD.
Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD.
Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains.
Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

nsswitch.conf
/etc/login.defs
pam_cracklib.so
chage
pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so
faillog
pam_sss.so
sssd
sssd.conf
sss_* commands
krb5.conf
kinit, klist, kdestroy

326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v4.x. This includes installation and maintenance of a server instance with a FreeIPA domain as well as integration of FreeIPA with Active Directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components.
Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA.
Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain.
Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts.
Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger
ipa, including relevant subcommands
ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install
ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage

Topic 327: Access Control

327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID.
Understand and manage access control lists.
Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

getfacl
setfacl
getfattr
setfattr

327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC.
Configure, manage and use SELinux.
Be aware of AppArmor and Smack.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled
getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool
fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles
newrole, runcon
semanage
sestatus, seinfo
apol
seaudit, seaudit-report, audit2why, audit2allow
/etc/selinux/*

327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 clients and servers as well as CIFS client services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements.
Configure NFSv4 server and clients.
Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos).
Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system.
Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs.
Configure CIFS clients.
Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions.
Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos).
Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/exports
/etc/idmapd.conf
nfs4acl
mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes
winbind
getcifsacl, setcifsacl

Topic 328: Network Security

328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to secure networks against common threats. This includes verification of the effectiveness of security measures.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics.
Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

radiusd
radmin
radtest, radclient
radlast, radwho
radiusd.conf
/etc/raddb/*
nmap
wireshark
tshark
tcpdump
ndpmon

328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Implement bandwidth usage monitoring.
Configure and use Snort, including rule management.
Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ntop
Cacti
snort
snort-stat
/etc/snort/*
openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser
openvas-nvt-sync
openvassd
openvas-mkcert
/etc/openvas/*

328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ.
Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
Implement connection tracking and network address translation.
Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules.
Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
Have basic knowledge of ebtables.
Be aware of conntrackd.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

iptables
ip6tables
iptables-save, iptables-restore
ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore
ipset
nft
ebtables

328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks.
Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon.
Awareness of L2TP.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/openvpn/*
openvpn server and client
setkey
/etc/ipsec-tools.conf
/etc/racoon/racoon.conf

Other Comments for consideration

As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:

1) Related to Wireless LAN: (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)

Some aspects (i.e. Radius) are implemented in V2 (fth)

2) Related to IPv6: Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.

Implemented in V2 wherever applicable (fth)

3) Security features in Linux: For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.

Implemented in host hardening in V2 (fth)

4) Related to Forensics: In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.

This is an interesting topic, but it goes beyond basic security in the sense it "prevention and defending". This is postmortal analysis. As the exam already contains a lot of topic this is postponed but up to discussion (fth)

5) Database (RDB, NoSQL) security: Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest almost every time. Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.

As the other software / service aspects beyond Linux system security have been dropped this is considered out of scope for now too (fth)

6) Related to OpenFlow: There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.

This is considered as an application aspect which seems to be beyond the scope for not (fth).

7) RADIUS: This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.

Implemented in V2 (fth)

8) DNS: More DNSSEC and DANE.

Implemented in V2 (fth)

9) ~~Secure development, hardening~~

Hardening has been implemented for both hosts and networks in V2 (fth), Secure development is considered out of scope for now (fth)

10) Certificate Transparency

11) polkit

Changes since version 1

321.3

The following aspects have been removed from objective 321.3 User Management and Authentication:

Key Knowledge Areas:

Kerberos Key Distribution Centre
Kerberos Principals
Kerberos Tickets
password cracking

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

krb5.conf
krb5kdc/kdc.conf
kdb5_util
rb5kdc/kadm5.acl
kadmin, kadmin.local
john

320.3 Advanced GPG

Weight	To be determined
Description	Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use GPG for encryption and signing.
Configure GPG.
Manage private and public keys.
Interact with GPG key servers to publish and retrieve public keys.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

gpg
gpgv
gpg-agent
~/.gnupg/*

320.6 OpenSSH

Weight	To be determined
Description	Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Configure and use OpenSSH.
Manage OpenSSH keys and access control.
Be aware of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/ssh/*
~/.ssh/*
ssh-keygen
ssh-agent
ssh-vulnkey

Difference between revisions of "LPIC-303 Objectives V2"

Latest revision as of 04:35, 3 May 2019

Contents

Introduction

Version Information

Translations of Objectives

Objectives

Topic 325: Cryptography

325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (weight: 5)

325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)

325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)

325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)

Topic 326: Host Security

326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)

326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)

326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)

Topic 327: Access Control

327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)

327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)

327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)

Topic 328: Network Security

328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)

328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)

328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)

Other Comments for consideration

Changes since version 1

321.3

320.3 Advanced GPG

320.6 OpenSSH

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __FORCETOC__
 ==Introduction==
-The description of the entire [[LPIC-3]] programme is listed [[LPIC-3|here]].
+The description of the entire [[LPIC-3]] program is listed [[LPIC-3|here]].
 <br />
 <br />
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==Version Information==
-These objectives are version 2.0.0 '''DRAFT'''.
+These objectives are version 2.0.0.
 The version [[LPIC-303 Objectives V1|1.x objectives]] can be found [[LPIC-303 Objectives V1|here]].
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 ==Objectives==
-===''Topic 320: Cryptography''===
+===''Topic 325: Cryptography''===
-====<span style="color:navy">320.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.1 X.509 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Understanding of X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions.
+* Understand X.509 certificates, X.509 certificate lifecycle, X.509 certificate fields and X.509v3 certificate extensions.
-* Understanding of trust chains and public key infrastructures.
+* Understand trust chains and public key infrastructures.
-* Generating and managing public and private keys.
+* Generate and manage public and private keys.
-* Creating, operating and securing a certification authority.
+* Create, operate and secure a certification authority.
-* Requesting, signing and managing server and client certificates.
+* Request, sign and manage server and client certificates.
-* Revocation of certificates and certification authorities.
+* Revoke certificates and certification authorities.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * openssl, including relevant subcommands
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.2 X.509 Certificates for Encryption, Signing and Authentication (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use X.509 certificates for both server and client authentication. Candidates should be able to implement user and server authentication for Apache HTTPD. The version of Apache HTTPD covered is 2.4 or higher.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Understanding of SSL and TLS and protocol versions.
+* Understand of SSL, TLS and protocol versions.
-* Understanding of common transport layer security threats (i.e. Man-in-the-Middle)
+* Understand common transport layer security threats, for example Man-in-the-Middle.
-* Configuration of Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service.
+* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide HTTPS service, including SNI and HSTS.
-* Configuration of Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates.
+* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to authenticate users using certificates.
-* Configuration of Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OSCP stapling.
+* Configure Apache HTTPD with mod_ssl to provide OCSP stapling.
-* Using openssl for SSL/TLS client and server tests.
+* Use OpenSSL for SSL/TLS client and server tests.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* Intermediate Certificates
+* Intermediate certification authorities
 * Cipher configuration (no cipher-specific knowledge)
 * httpd.conf
+* mod_ssl
 * openssl
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.3 Advanced GPG</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.3 Encrypted File Systems (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up and configure encrypted file systems.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* GPG encryption and signing
+* Understand block device and file system encryption.
-* private/public key management
+* Use dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices.
-* GPG key servers
+* Use eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories and PAM integration.
-* GPG configuration
+* Be aware of plain dm-crypt and EncFS.
-'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* gpg
-* gpgv
-* gpg-agent
-* ~/.gnupg/
-<br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.4 Encrypted Filesystems</span>====
-{|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
-|-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to setup and configure encrypted file systems.
-|}
-'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Understanding of block device and file system encryption.
-* Using dm-crypt with LUKS to encrypt block devices.
-* Using eCryptfs to encrypt file systems, including home directories and PAM integration.
-* Awareness of plain dm-crypt and EncFS.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * cryptsetup
@@ Line 108: / Line 88: @@
 * /etc/crypttab
 * ecryptfsd
-* ecryptfs-* tools
+* ecryptfs-* commands
 * mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
 * pam_ecryptfs
@@ Line 114: / Line 94: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.5 DNS and cryptography</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE.
-* Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoriative nameserver serving DNSSEC secured zones.
+* Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones.
-* Configure BIND as an recursive nameserver that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients.
+* Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients.
+* Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
+* Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover
+* Maintenance and re-signing of zones
 * Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS.
+* Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records
 * DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA
 * DO-Bit, AD-Bit
-* Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
+* TSIG
-* Key generation, Key storage, Key management, Key rollover
-* Maintenance and re-signing of zones
 * named.conf
 * dnssec-keygen
@@ Line 143: / Line 125: @@
 * delv
 * openssl
-<br />
-====<span style="color:navy">320.6 OpenSSH</span>====
-{|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
-|-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services.
-|}
-'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* OpenSSH configuration and command line tools
-* OpenSSH key management and access control
-* Awareness of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues
-'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* /etc/ssh/
-* ~/.ssh/
-* ssh-keygen
-* ssh-agent
-* ssh-vulnkey
 <br />
 <br />
-===''Topic 321: Host security''===
+===''Topic 326: Host Security''===
-====<span style="color:navy">321.1 Host Hardening</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes Kernel and software configuration.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* BIOS and bootloader configuration
+* Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security.
 * Disable useless software and services.
-* Security related kernel / sysctl configuration (i.e. Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration)
+* Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration.
-* Limit resource usage
+* Limit resource usage.
-* chroot environments
+* Work with chroot environments.
-* Awareness of the security advantages of Virtualization.
+* Drop unnecessary capabilities.
+* Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * grub.cfg
@@ Line 189: / Line 152: @@
 * ulimit
 * /etc/security/limits.conf
+* pam_limits.so
 * chroot
 * sysctl
@@ Line 194: / Line 158: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">321.2 Host Intrusion Detection</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
@@ Line 203: / Line 167: @@
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Usage and configuration of the Linux Auditing System
+* Use and configure the Linux Audit system.
-* chkrootkit usage
+* Use chkrootkit.
-* rkhunter usage, configuration and update
+* Use and configure rkhunter, including updates.
-* Linux Malware Detect usage
+* Use Linux Malware Detect.
-* Scan automation using cron
+* Automate host scans using cron.
-* AIDE configuration, rules and use
+* Configure and use AIDE, including rule management.
-* Awareness of OpenSCAP
+* Be aware of OpenSCAP.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * auditd
 * auditctl
 * ausearch, aureport
-* /etc/auditd/auditd.conf
+* auditd.conf
-* /etc/auditd/auditd.rules
+* audit.rules
-* pam_tty_audit
+* pam_tty_audit.so
 * chkrootkit
 * rkhunter
@@ Line 227: / Line 191: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">321.3 User Management and Authentication</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
@@ Line 236: / Line 200: @@
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* NSS and NSS configuration
+* Understand and configure NSS.
-* PAM and PAM configuration
+* Understand and configure PAM.
-* Password complexity policies and periodic password changes
+* Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes.
-* Automateic account locking after failed login attempts
+* Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts.
-* SSSD daemon and command line tools
+* Configure and use SSSD.
-* Configuring NSS and PAM for use with SSSD
+* Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD.
-* Authenticate SSSD against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains
+* Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains.
-* Obtain and manage Kerberos Tickets
+* Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * nsswitch.conf
 * /etc/login.defs
-* pam_cracklib
+* pam_cracklib.so
 * chage
-* pam_tally
+* pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so
 * faillog
-* pam_sss
+* pam_sss.so
 * sssd
 * sssd.conf
@@ Line 260: / Line 224: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">321.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be considered
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
@@ Line 269: / Line 233: @@
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* System and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA
+* Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components.
-* FreeIPA Components (389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, Certmonger)
+* Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA.
-* Manage a FreeIPA server and domain
+* Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain.
-* Active Directory Replication and Kerberos Cross-Realm Trusts
+* Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts.
-* Awareness of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration
+* Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
-* ipa, including applicable subcommands
+* 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger
-* ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-adtrust-install, ipa-replica-install
+* ipa, including relevant subcommands
+* ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install
 * ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage
 <br />
 <br />
-===''Topic 322: Access Control''===
+===''Topic 327: Access Control''===
-====<span style="color:navy">322.1 Discretionary Access Control</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Furthermore, Candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* File ownership and permissions, including SUID
+* Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID.
-* Access Control Lists
+* Understand and manage access control lists.
-* Extended Attributes and attribute classes
+* Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * getfacl
@@ Line 302: / Line 267: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">322.2 Mandatory Access Control</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. In especially, Candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Furthermore, Candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* SELinux configuration and command line tools
+* Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC.
-* TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC concepts and use
+* Configure, manage and use SELinux.
-* Awareness of AppArmor
+* Be aware of AppArmor and Smack.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled
-* getsebool, setsebol, togglesebool
+* getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool
 * fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles
 * newrole, runcon
@@ Line 327: / Line 292: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">322.3 Network file systems</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
@@ Line 336: / Line 301: @@
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* NFSv4 ACLs
-* NFSv4 security improvements, issues and use
+* Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements.
-* NFSv4 pseudo file system
+* Configure NFSv4 server and clients.
-* NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos)
+* Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos).
-* CIFS Unix Extensions
+* Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system.
-* Mapping and Handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux System
+* Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs.
-* CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos)
+* Configure CIFS clients.
+* Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions.
+* Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos).
+* Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/exports
-* /etc/idmap.conf
+* /etc/idmapd.conf
 * nfs4acl
 * mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes
@@ Line 354: / Line 324: @@
 <br />
-===''Topic 324: Network Security''===
+===''Topic 328: Network Security''===
-====<span style="color:navy">324.1 Network Hardening</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
@@ Line 364: / Line 334: @@
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Configuration of FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
+* Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
-* Use of nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
+* Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
 * Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics.
-* Understand and combat rogue router advertisements and DHCP servers.
+* Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * radiusd
 * radmin
 * radtest, radclient
-* radlast,radwho
+* radlast, radwho
 * radiusd.conf
 * /etc/raddb/*
@@ Line 383: / Line 353: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.2 Network Intrusion Detection</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance of security scanners.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Bandwith monitoring
+* Implement bandwidth usage monitoring.
-* Snort configuration, rules and use
+* Configure and use Snort, including rule management.
-* OpenVAS configuration, NASL and use
+* Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ntop
@@ Line 400: / Line 370: @@
 * snort
 * snort-stat
-* /etc/snort/
+* /etc/snort/*
 * openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser
 * openvas-nvt-sync
 * openvassd
 * openvas-mkcert
-* /etc/openvas/
+* /etc/openvas/*
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.3 Packet Filtering</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as awareness of nftables, nft and ebtables.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* Packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
+* Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ.
-* Connection tracking and network address translation.
+* Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
-* Firewall architectures, including DMZ.
+* Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
-* netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
+* Implement connection tracking and network address translation.
-* Definition of ipsets and their usage in netfilter rules.
+* Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules.
-* Basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
+* Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
-* Basic knowledge of ebtables.
+* Have basic knowledge of ebtables.
-* Awareness of conntrackd.
+* Be aware of conntrackd.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * iptables
 * ip6tables
-* iptables-save/iptables-restore
+* iptables-save, iptables-restore
-* ip6tables-save/ip6tables-restore
+* ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore
 * ipset
 * nft
@@ Line 436: / Line 406: @@
 <br />
-====<span style="color:navy">324.4 OpenVPN</span>====
+====<span style="color:navy">328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN.
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
-* OpenVPN Server and Client configuration for both bridged and routet VPN networks
+* Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks.
+* Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon.
+* Awareness of L2TP.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/openvpn/*
 * openvpn server and client
+* setkey
+* /etc/ipsec-tools.conf
+* /etc/racoon/racoon.conf
 ==Other Comments for consideration==
@@ Line 454: / Line 429: @@
 As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:
-) <b>Related to Wireless LAN:</b> (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)
+) <del><b>Related to Wireless LAN:</b> (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)</del>
-<del>2) <b>Related to IPv6:</b> Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.</del>
+Some aspects (i.e. Radius) are implemented in V2 (fth)
+) <del><b>Related to IPv6:</b> Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.</del>
 Implemented in V2 wherever applicable (fth)
-) <b>Security features in Linux:</b> For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.
+) <del><b>Security features in Linux:</b> For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.</del>
+Implemented in host hardening in V2 (fth)
+) <del><b>Related to Forensics:</b> In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.</del>
-) <b>Related to Forensics:</b> In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.
+This is an interesting topic, but it goes beyond basic security in the sense it "prevention and defending". This is postmortal analysis. As the exam already contains a lot of topic this is postponed but up to discussion (fth)
 ) <del><b>Database (RDB, NoSQL) security:</b> Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest almost every time. Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.</del>
@@ Line 468: / Line 449: @@
 As the other software / service aspects beyond Linux system security have been dropped this is considered out of scope for now too (fth)
-) <b>Related to OpenFlow:</b> There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.
+) <del><b>Related to OpenFlow:</b> There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.</del>
-<del>7) <b>RADIUS:</b> This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.</del>
+This is considered as an application aspect which seems to be beyond the scope for not (fth).
+) <del><b>RADIUS:</b> This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.</del>
 Implemented in V2 (fth)
-<del>8) <b>DNS:</b> More DNSSEC and DANE.</del>
+) <del><b>DNS:</b> More DNSSEC and DANE.</del>
 Implemented in V2 (fth)
-<del>9) <b>Secure development, hardening</b></del>
+) <del><b>Secure development, hardening</b></del>
 Hardening has been implemented for both hosts and networks in V2 (fth), Secure development is considered out of scope for now (fth)
+) Certificate Transparency
+) polkit
 ==Changes since version 1==
@@ Line 499: / Line 486: @@
 * kadmin, kadmin.local
 * john
+<br />
+====<span style="color:navy">320.3 Advanced GPG</span>====
+{|
+| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+|-
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.
+|}
+'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
+* Use GPG for encryption and signing.
+* Configure GPG.
+* Manage private and public keys.
+* Interact with GPG key servers to publish and retrieve public keys.
+'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* gpg
+* gpgv
+* gpg-agent
+* ~/.gnupg/*
+<br />
+====<span style="color:navy">320.6 OpenSSH</span>====
+{|
+| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | To be determined
+|-
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services.
+|}
+'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
+* Configure and use OpenSSH.
+* Manage OpenSSH keys and access control.
+* Be aware of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues.
+'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
+* /etc/ssh/*
+* ~/.ssh/*
+* ssh-keygen
+* ssh-agent
+* ssh-vulnkey
+<br />