Difference between revisions of "LPIC-2 Objectives V4.5"

Revision as of 15:28, 29 May 2016 (view source) FabianThorns (Talk | contribs) (→‎205.2 Advanced Network Configuration (weight: 4)) ← Older edit		Latest revision as of 12:34, 28 March 2023 (view source) GMatthewRice (Talk | contribs) (→‎208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4))
(113 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
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	*    Advise management on automation and purchases.		*    Advise management on automation and purchases.
−	<br /><br />	+	<br />
−	==Version Information==	+	==Exams==
−	These objectives are '''A DRAFT FOR''' version 4.5.0.  This version is to go live on TODO.	+	In order to be certified [[LPIC-2]], the candidate must pass both the [[#Objectives: Exam 201|201]] and [[#Objectives: Exam 202|202]] exams and be a holder of an active [[LPIC-1]] certification.
−	This is also a [[LPIC2AndLPIC3SummaryVersion3To4|summary and detailed information]] on the changes from version 3.5.x to 4.0.0 of the objectives.	+	* [[#Objectives: Exam 201|201]]
		+	* [[#Objectives: Exam 202|202]]
−	The [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4|version 4.0 of the LPIC-2 Objectives]] are still online.	+	<br />
−	<br /><br />	+
−	==Exams==	+	==Version Information==
−	In order to be certified [[LPIC-2]], the candidate must pass both the [[LPIC-2_101_v4_|201]] and [[LPIC-2_202_v4_0|202]] exams and be a holder of an active [[LPIC-1]] certification.	+	These objectives are version 4.5.0.  This version is to go live on February 13th, 2017.
−	* [[LPIC-2_201_v4_0|201]]	+	This is also a [[LPIC-2_Summary_Version_4.0_To_4.5|summary and detailed information]] on the changes from version 4.0.x to 4.5.0 of the objectives.
−	* [[LPIC-2_202_v4_0|202]]	+
		+	The [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4|version 4.0 of the LPIC-2 Objectives]] are still online.
		+
		+	<br />
	==Addenda==		==Addenda==
−	===''Version Update (TODO)''===	+	===''Version Update (February 13th, 2017)''===
	* updated to version 4.5.0		* updated to version 4.5.0
Line 46:		Line 48:
	The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:		The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:
−	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4|English]]	+	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5|English]]
−	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4(ES)|Spanish]]	+	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(ES)|Spanish]]
−	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4(FR)|French]]	+	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(FR)|French]]
−	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4(DE)|German]]	+	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(DE)|German]]
		+
		+	* [[LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(PT-BR)|Portuguese]]
		+
		+	If you would like to help translating the objectives, please contact [mailto:fthorns@lpi.org Fabian]
		+
		+	<br /><br />
	==Objectives: Exam 201==		==Objectives: Exam 201==
Line 98:		Line 106:
	* iostat		* iostat
		+
		+	* iotop
	* vmstat		* vmstat
	* netstat		* netstat
		+
		+	* ss
		+
		+	* iptraf
	* pstree, ps		* pstree, ps
Line 110:		Line 124:
	* top		* top
		+
		+	* htop
	* uptime		* uptime
Line 124:		Line 140:
	<br />		<br />
−
	====<span style="color:navy">200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)</span>====		====<span style="color:navy">200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)</span>====
Line 147:		Line 162:
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* Use collectd to monitor IT infrastructure usage.	+	* Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage.
	* Predict capacity break point of a configuration.		* Predict capacity break point of a configuration.
Line 155:		Line 170:
	* Graph the trend of capacity usage.		* Graph the trend of capacity usage.
−	* Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Nagios, MRTG and Cacti	+	* Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 197:		Line 212:
	* bzImage		* bzImage
		+
		+	* xz compression
	<br />		<br />
Line 341:		Line 358:
	===''Topic 202: System Startup''===		===''Topic 202: System Startup''===
−	====<span style="color:navy">202.1 Customising system startup (weight: 3)</span>====	+	====<span style="color:navy">202.1 Customizing system startup (weight: 3)</span>====
	{|		{|
Line 374:		Line 391:
	* systemctl		* systemctl
−	* systemctl-delta	+	* systemd-delta
	* /etc/inittab		* /etc/inittab
Line 401:		Line 418:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.  Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.  Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest.  Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered.
	|}		|}
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
		+
		+	* BIOS and UEFI
		+
		+	* NVMe booting
	* GRUB version 2 and Legacy		* GRUB version 2 and Legacy
Line 418:		Line 439:
	* daemon/service initialisation and setup		* daemon/service initialisation and setup
−	* Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device	+	* Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.
−	* Overwriting standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells	+	* Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.
−	* Awareness of UEFI	+	* Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 432:		Line 453:
	* inittab, telinit and init with SysV init		* inittab, telinit and init with SysV init
−	* The contents of /boot/ and /boot/grub/	+	* The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/
		+
		+	* EFI System Partition (ESP)
	* GRUB		* GRUB
	* grub-install		* grub-install
		+
		+	* efibootmgr
		+
		+	* UEFI shell
	* initrd, initramfs		* initrd, initramfs
	* Master boot record		* Master boot record
		+
		+	* systemctl
	<br />		<br />
Line 462:		Line 491:
	* SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX		* SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX
−	* Understanding of PXE	+	* Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI
	* Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot		* Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot
Line 475:		Line 504:
	* isolinux.cfg		* isolinux.cfg
		+
		+	* isohdpfx.bin
		+
		+	* efiboot.img
	* pxelinux.0		* pxelinux.0
	* pxelinux.cfg/		* pxelinux.cfg/
		+
		+	* uefi/shim.efi
		+
		+	* uefi/grubx64.efi
	<br/>		<br/>
Line 506:		Line 543:
	* Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems		* Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems
		+
		+	* Understanding of systemd mount units
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 586:		Line 625:
	* autofs configuration files		* autofs configuration files
		+
		+	* Understanding of automount units
	* UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities		* UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities
Line 657:		Line 698:
	* Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA		* Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA
		+
		+	* Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe
	* Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)		* Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)
Line 669:		Line 712:
	* hdparm, sdparm		* hdparm, sdparm
		+
		+	* nvme
	* tune2fs		* tune2fs
		+
		+	* fstrim
	* sysctl		* sysctl
−	* /dev/hd*, /dev/sd*	+	* /dev/hd*, /dev/sd*, /dev/nvme*
	* iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf		* iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf
Line 716:		Line 763:
	* /dev/mapper/		* /dev/mapper/
		+
		+	* lvm.conf
	<br />		<br />
Line 751:		Line 800:
	* arp		* arp
		+
		+	* iw
	* iwconfig		* iwconfig
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	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups	+	* Knowledge about directories that have to be included in backups
	* Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC		* Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC
Line 1,025:		Line 1,076:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to managing a running server and configuring logging.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as an authoritative and as a recursive, caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to manage a running server and configuring logging.
	|}		|}
Line 1,044:		Line 1,095:
	* /var/named/		* /var/named/
−	* /usr/sbin/rndc	+	* rndc
		+
		+	* named-checkconf
	* kill		* kill
Line 1,085:		Line 1,138:
	* resource record formats		* resource record formats
		+
		+	* named-checkzone
		+
		+	* named-compilezone
		+
		+	* masterfile-format
	* dig		* dig
Line 1,119:		Line 1,178:
	* Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools		* Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools
		+
		+	* Awareness of DANE and related records
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 1,135:		Line 1,196:
	<br />		<br />
−	===''Topic 208: Web Services''===	+	===''Topic 208: HTTP Services''===
	====<span style="color:navy">208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)</span>====		====<span style="color:navy">208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)</span>====
Line 1,148:		Line 1,209:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customise file access.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customize file access.
	|}		|}
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* Apache 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities	+	* Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities
	* Apache log files configuration and content		* Apache log files configuration and content
Line 1,165:		Line 1,226:
	* Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients		* Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients
−	* Apache 2.x virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)	+	* Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
−	* Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access	+	* Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customize file access
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 1,177:		Line 1,238:
	* httpd.conf		* httpd.conf
−	* mod_auth	+	* mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat
	* htpasswd		* htpasswd
Line 1,183:		Line 1,244:
	* AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile		* AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile
−	* apache2ctl	+	* apachectl, apache2ctl
−	* httpd	+	* httpd, apache2
	<br />		<br />
Line 1,207:		Line 1,268:
	* SSL configuration files, tools and utilities		* SSL configuration files, tools and utilities
−	* Ability to generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA	+	* Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA
−	* Ability to generate a self-signed Certificate from private CA	+	* Generate a self-signed Certificate
−	* Ability to install the key and Certificate	+	* Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs
		+
		+	* Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI
	* Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL		* Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL
−	* Security issues in SSL use	+	* Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 1,225:		Line 1,288:
	* openssl, CA.pl		* openssl, CA.pl
−	* SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile, SSLCertificateChainFile	+	* SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile
	* SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath		* SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath
Line 1,311:		Line 1,374:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up a SAMBA server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba for login clients and setting up the workgroup in which a server participates and defining shared directories and printers. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.
	|}		|}
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* Samba version 3 documentation	+	* Samba 4 documentation
−	* Samba configuration files	+	* Samba 4 configuration files
−	* Samba tools and utilities	+	* Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons
−	* Mounting Samba shares on Linux	+	* Mounting CIFS shares on Linux
−		+
−	* Samba daemons	+
	* Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names		* Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names
−	* User-Level and Share-Level security	+	* User-Level, Share-Level and AD security
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
−	* smbd, nmbd	+	* smbd, nmbd, winbindd
−	* smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup	+	* smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
−	* smbclient	+	* samba-tool
	* net		* net
−	* /etc/smb/	+	* smbclient
		+
		+	* mount.cifs
		+
		+	* /etc/samba/
	* /var/log/samba/		* /var/log/samba/
Line 1,418:		Line 1,483:
	* Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup		* Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup
		+
		+	* Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 1,425:		Line 1,492:
	* dhcpd.leases		* dhcpd.leases
−	* /var/log/daemon.log and /var/log/messages	+	* DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal
	* arp		* arp
	* dhcpd		* dhcpd
		+
		+	* radvd
		+
		+	* radvd.conf
	<br />		<br />
Line 1,444:		Line 1,515:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality.
	|}		|}
Line 1,452:		Line 1,523:
	* passwd and shadow passwords		* passwd and shadow passwords
		+
		+	* Use sssd for LDAP authentication
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 1,461:		Line 1,534:
	* nsswitch.conf		* nsswitch.conf
−	* pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile	+	* pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss
		+
		+	* sssd.conf
	<br />		<br />
Line 1,510:		Line 1,585:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls. An understanding of the role of SSSD in authentication and identity management is included.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls.
	|}		|}
Line 1,516:		Line 1,591:
	* OpenLDAP		* OpenLDAP
		+
		+	* Directory based configuration
	* Access Control		* Access Control
Line 1,528:		Line 1,605:
	* Object IDs, Attributes and Classes		* Object IDs, Attributes and Classes
−
−	* Awareness of System Security Services Daemon (SSSD)
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
Line 1,535:		Line 1,610:
	* slapd		* slapd
−	* slapd.conf	+	* slapd-config
	* LDIF		* LDIF
Line 1,571:		Line 1,646:
	* Configuration files for postfix		* Configuration files for postfix
		+
		+	* Basic TLS configuration for postfix
	* Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol		* Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol
Line 1,592:		Line 1,669:
	<br />		<br />
−	====<span style="color:navy">211.2 Managing Local E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)</span>====	+	====<span style="color:navy">211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)</span>====
	{|		{|
Line 1,608:		Line 1,685:
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* procmail configuration files, tools and utilities	+	* Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators
−	* Usage of procmail on both server and client side	+	* Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size
−	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''	+	* Awareness of procmail
−	* ~/.procmailrc	+	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
−	* /etc/procmailrc	+	* Conditions and comparison operators
−	* procmail	+	* keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop
−	* mbox and Maildir formats	+	* Dovecot vacation extension
	<br />		<br />
−	====<span style="color:navy">211.3 Managing Remote E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)</span>====	+	====<span style="color:navy">211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (weight: 2)</span>====
	{|		{|
Line 1,640:		Line 1,717:
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* Courier IMAP and Courier POP configuration	+	* Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration
−	* Dovecot configuration	+	* Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot
		+
		+	* Awareness of Courier
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
−	* /etc/courier/	+	* /etc/dovecot/
	* dovecot.conf		* dovecot.conf
		+
		+	* doveconf
		+
		+	* doveadm
	<br />		<br />
Line 1,666:		Line 1,749:
	| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''		| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
−	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a system to perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.	+	| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.
	|}		|}
	'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''		'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
−	* iptables configuration files, tools and utilities	+	* iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities
	* Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.		* Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
−	* Private address ranges	+	* Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)
	* Port redirection and IP forwarding		* Port redirection and IP forwarding
−	* List and write filtering and rules that accept or block datagrams based on source or destination protocol, port and address	+	* List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address
	* Save and reload filtering configurations		* Save and reload filtering configurations
−
−	* Awareness of ip6tables and filtering
	'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''		'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
	* /proc/sys/net/ipv4/		* /proc/sys/net/ipv4/
		+
		+	* /proc/sys/net/ipv6/
	* /etc/services		* /etc/services
	* iptables		* iptables
		+
		+	* ip6tables
	<br />		<br />
Line 1,834:		Line 1,919:
	Future changes to the objective will/may include:		Future changes to the objective will/may include:
−	* EFI shell, gdisk, parted not included. More appropriate in LPIC-1 update.	+	* Extend the amount of NetworkManager covered, i.e. including the CLI
	* lighttpd would have been too much coverage of web services.  Perhaps reduce Apache next revision to make room.		* lighttpd would have been too much coverage of web services.  Perhaps reduce Apache next revision to make room.
Line 1,840:		Line 1,925:
	* host level IDS (tripwire, AIDE, etc) to be covered in future LPIC-1.		* host level IDS (tripwire, AIDE, etc) to be covered in future LPIC-1.
−	* sieve and maildrop to be considered in a future update.	+	* introduction (or more) to FreeIPA
−	* SAN, AoE, and FCoE to be considered in a future update.	+	* add coverage of mod_security and mod_evasive to Apache HTTP (maybe as a separate topic: Web Application Firewall)
−	* encrypted file systems are covered in-depth in LPI-303 exam.	+	* add coverage of a higher-level firewall package like firewalld or ufw
−	* mention of DANE	+	* Reconsider mod_perl
−	* more SSSD	+	* Add firewall-cmd and /etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf related to firewalld to LPIC-2
−	* drop lilo, (consider U-boot and other non-x86 topics)	+	* Awareness of firewalld
−	* introduction (or more) to FreeIPA	+	* Add nmcli and nmtui to LPIC-2
−	* drop SSLCertificateChainFile...deprecated as of [[https://www.apachehaus.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=104 March, 2014]]	+	* Full coverage of IPv6 auto configuration
−	* add coverage of mod_security and mod_evasive to Apache HTTP (maybe as a separate topic: Web Application Firewall)	+	* Remove djbdns
−	* add coverage of a higher-level firewall package like firewalld or ufw	+	* Advanced shell scripting (sed -e, set -x, set -o, pipefail, PIPESTATUS, declare)
		+
		+	* Filesystem quota (similar to the topic removed from LPIC-1)
		+
		+	* Understanding of consistency in backups, e.g. for databases
		+
		+	* Let's Encrypt for certification procurement
		+
		+	* 202.2: Reconsider NVMe booting
		+
		+	* 207.1: Consider dropping djbdns and consider unbound
		+
		+	* 207.1: /var/named/ is distro-specific
		+
		+	* 207.2: Remove creation of root.hints
		+
		+	* 207.2: Reconsider nslookup
		+
		+	* 207.3: Reconsider chroot
		+
		+	* 208.2: Remove CA.pl
		+
		+	* 208.2: Remove SNI specialties
		+
		+	* 208.2: Remove client certificate options
		+
		+	* 208.3: Reconsider the relevance of Squid
		+
		+	* 209.1: Remove Samba Share-Level security
		+
		+	* 209.1: Remove nmblookup
		+
		+	* 210.1: Remove arp
−	* add xzImage to kernel image names if it ever gets used	+	* 210.4: Aggregate Whitepages, schemas, classes etc.
−	* update 204.2 (adjusting storage devices) to include NVMe and AHCI (with IDE/PIO coverage) - make Bryan do it? :)	+	* 212.2: Remove FTP
−	* update Samba section to include version 4 and drop version 3	+	* 212.3: Remove Protocol
−	* be more specific on which features/tech for encrypted file systems (and/or add more content)	+	* 212.4: Remove bugtraq etc.
−	* Include sieve filters and reconsider procmail	+	* Remove paths to commands and configuration files wherever possible

---

Latest revision as of 12:34, 28 March 2023

Overview of Tasks

These are required exams for LPI certification Level 2. It covers advanced skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux. Also, LPIC-1 must be obtained in order to receive the certification. Exams may be taken in any order but all of the requirements must be met.

To pass LPIC-2, the candidate should be able to:

• Administer a small to medium-sized site.
• Plan, implement, maintain, keep consistent, secure, and troubleshoot a small mixed (MS, Linux) network, including a:
  • LAN server (Samba, NFS, DNS, DHCP, client management).
  • Internet Gateway (firewall, VPN, SSH, web cache/proxy, mail).
  • Internet Server (web server and reverse proxy, FTP server).
• Supervise assistants.
• Advise management on automation and purchases.

Exams

In order to be certified LPIC-2, the candidate must pass both the 201 and 202 exams and be a holder of an active LPIC-1 certification.

• 201
• 202

Version Information

These objectives are version 4.5.0. This version is to go live on February 13th, 2017.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 4.0.x to 4.5.0 of the objectives.

The version 4.0 of the LPIC-2 Objectives are still online.

Addenda

Version Update (February 13th, 2017)

• updated to version 4.5.0

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

• English

• Spanish

• French

• German

• Portuguese

If you would like to help translating the objectives, please contact Fabian

Objectives: Exam 201

Topic 200: Capacity Planning

200.1 Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage (weight: 6)

Weight	6
Description	Candidates should be able to measure hardware resource and network bandwidth, identify and troubleshoot resource problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Measure CPU usage.

• Measure memory usage.

• Measure disk I/O.

• Measure network I/O.

• Measure firewalling and routing throughput.

• Map client bandwidth usage.

• Match / correlate system symptoms with likely problems.

• Estimate throughput and identify bottlenecks in a system including networking.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• iostat

• iotop

• vmstat

• netstat

• ss

• iptraf

• pstree, ps

• w

• lsof

• top

• htop

• uptime

• sar

• swap

• processes blocked on I/O

• blocks in

• blocks out

200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to monitor resource usage to predict future resource needs.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage.

• Predict capacity break point of a configuration.

• Observe growth rate of capacity usage.

• Graph the trend of capacity usage.

• Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• diagnose

• predict growth

• resource exhaustion

Topic 201: Linux Kernel

201.1 Kernel components (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, understanding stable and longterm kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /usr/src/linux/

• /usr/src/linux/Documentation/

• zImage

• bzImage

• xz compression

201.2 Compiling a Linux kernel (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• /usr/src/linux/

• Kernel Makefiles

• Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x make targets

• Customize the current kernel configuration.

• Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.

• Install a new kernel and any modules.

• Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.

• Module configuration files

• Use DKMS to compile kernel modules.

• Awareness of dracut

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mkinitrd

• mkinitramfs

• make

• make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg)

• gzip

• bzip2

• module tools

• /usr/src/linux/.config

• /lib/modules/kernel-version/

• depmod

• dkms

201.3 Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules. Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.

• Manually load and unload kernel modules.

• Determine when modules can be unloaded.

• Determine what parameters a module accepts.

• Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.

• /proc filesystem

• Content of /, /boot/ , and /lib/modules/

• Tools and utilities to analyse information about the available hardware

• udev rules

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep

• module configuration files in /etc/

• /proc/sys/kernel/

• /sbin/depmod

• /sbin/rmmod

• /sbin/modinfo

• /bin/dmesg

• /sbin/lspci

• /usr/bin/lsdev

• /sbin/lsmod

• /sbin/modprobe

• /sbin/insmod

• /bin/uname

• /usr/bin/lsusb

• /etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/

• /sbin/sysctl

• udevmonitor

• udevadm monitor

• /etc/udev/

Topic 202: System Startup

202.1 Customizing system startup (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Systemd

• SysV init

• Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /usr/lib/systemd/

• /etc/systemd/

• /run/systemd/

• systemctl

• systemd-delta

• /etc/inittab

• /etc/init.d/

• /etc/rc.d/

• chkconfig

• update-rc.d

• init and telinit

202.2 System recovery (weight: 4)

Weight

4

Description

Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options. Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest. Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIOS and UEFI

• NVMe booting

• GRUB version 2 and Legacy

• grub shell

• boot loader start and hand off to kernel

• kernel loading

• hardware initialisation and setup

• daemon/service initialisation and setup

• Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.

• Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.

• Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mount

• fsck

• inittab, telinit and init with SysV init

• The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/

• EFI System Partition (ESP)

• GRUB

• grub-install

• efibootmgr

• UEFI shell

• initrd, initramfs

• Master boot record

• systemctl

202.3 Alternate Bootloaders (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX

• Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI

• Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• syslinux

• extlinux

• isolinux.bin

• isolinux.cfg

• isohdpfx.bin

• efiboot.img

• pxelinux.0

• pxelinux.cfg/

• uefi/shim.efi

• uefi/grubx64.efi

Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices

203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• The concept of the fstab configuration

• Tools and utilities for handling swap partitions and files

• Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems

• Understanding of systemd mount units

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/fstab

• /etc/mtab

• /proc/mounts

• mount and umount

• blkid

• sync

• swapon

• swapoff

203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4

• Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots

• Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS

• Awareness of ZFS

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mkfs (mkfs.*)

• mkswap

• fsck (fsck.*)

• tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs

• btrfs, btrfs-convert

• xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore

• smartd, smartctl

203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs and a basic feature knowledge of encrypted filesystems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• autofs configuration files

• Understanding of automount units

• UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities

• Awareness of other CD-ROM filesystems (HFS)

• Awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito)

• Basic feature knowledge of data encryption (dm-crypt / LUKS)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/auto.master

• /etc/auto.[dir]

• mkisofs

• cryptsetup

Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration

204.1 Configuring RAID (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Software RAID configuration files and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mdadm.conf

• mdadm

• /proc/mdstat

• partition type 0xFD

204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings including iSCSI devices.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA

• Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe

• Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)

• Awareness of sdparm command and its uses

• Tools and utilities for iSCSI

• Awareness of SAN, including relevant protocols (AoE, FCoE)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• hdparm, sdparm

• nvme

• tune2fs

• fstrim

• sysctl

• /dev/hd*, /dev/sd*, /dev/nvme*

• iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf

• WWID, WWN, LUN numbers

204.3 Logical Volume Manager (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools in the LVM suite

• Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes

• Creating and maintaining snapshots

• Activating volume groups

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /sbin/pv*

• /sbin/lv*

• /sbin/vg*

• mount

• /dev/mapper/

• lvm.conf

Topic 205: Networking Configuration

205.1 Basic networking configuration (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network including both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

• Configuring basic access to wireless networks

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ip

• ifconfig

• route

• arp

• iw

• iwconfig

• iwlist

205.2 Advanced Network Configuration (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device and resolving communication problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Utilities to manipulate routing tables

• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

• Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices

• Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ip

• ifconfig

• route

• arp

• ss

• netstat

• lsof

• ping, ping6

• nc

• tcpdump

• nmap

205.3 Troubleshooting network issues (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Location and content of access restriction files

• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces

• Utilities to manage routing tables

• Utilities to list network states.

• Utilities to gain information about the network configuration

• Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices

• System initialisation files and their contents (Systemd and SysV init)

• Awareness of NetworkManager and its impact on network configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ip

• ifconfig

• route

• ss

• netstat

• /etc/network/, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

• ping, ping6

• traceroute, traceroute6

• mtr

• hostname

• System log files such as /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages and the systemd journal

• dmesg

• /etc/resolv.conf

• /etc/hosts

• /etc/hostname, /etc/HOSTNAME

• /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny

Topic 206: System Maintenance

206.1 Make and install programs from source (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.

• Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.

• Apply parameters to a configure script.

• Know where sources are stored by default.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /usr/src/

• gunzip

• gzip

• bzip2

• xz

• tar

• configure

• make

• uname

• install

• patch

206.2 Backup operations (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Knowledge about directories that have to be included in backups

• Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC

• Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media

• Perform partial and manual backups.

• Verify the integrity of backup files.

• Partially or fully restore backups.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /bin/sh

• dd

• tar

• /dev/st* and /dev/nst*

• mt

• rsync

206.3 Notify users on system-related issues (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Automate communication with users through logon messages.

• Inform active users of system maintenance

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/issue

• /etc/issue.net

• /etc/motd

• wall

• shutdown

• systemctl

Objectives: Exam 202

Topic 207: Domain Name Server

207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as an authoritative and as a recursive, caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to manage a running server and configuring logging.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities

• Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files

• Reloading modified configuration and zone files

• Awareness of dnsmasq, djbdns and PowerDNS as alternate name servers

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/named.conf

• /var/named/

• rndc

• named-checkconf

• kill

• host

• dig

207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone and hints for root level servers. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities

• Utilities to request information from the DNS server

• Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files

• Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /var/named/

• zone file syntax

• resource record formats

• named-checkzone

• named-compilezone

• masterfile-format

• dig

• nslookup

• host

207.3 Securing a DNS server (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIND 9 configuration files

• Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail

• Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement

• Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)

• Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools

• Awareness of DANE and related records

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/named.conf

• /etc/passwd

• DNSSEC

• dnssec-keygen

• dnssec-signzone

Topic 208: HTTP Services

208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)

Weight

4

Description

Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customize file access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities

• Apache log files configuration and content

• Access restriction methods and files

• mod_perl and PHP configuration

• Client user authentication files and utilities

• Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients

• Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)

• Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customize file access

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• access logs and error logs

• .htaccess

• httpd.conf

• mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat

• htpasswd

• AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile

• apachectl, apache2ctl

• httpd, apache2

208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• SSL configuration files, tools and utilities

• Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA

• Generate a self-signed Certificate

• Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs

• Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI

• Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL

• Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Apache2 configuration files

• /etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/

• openssl, CA.pl

• SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile

• SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath

• SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable

208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities

• Access restriction methods

• Client user authentication methods

• Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• squid.conf

• acl

• http_access

208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx. Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Nginx

• Reverse Proxy

• Basic Web Server

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/nginx/

• nginx

Topic 209: File Sharing

209.1 Samba Server Configuration (weight: 5)

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Samba 4 documentation

• Samba 4 configuration files

• Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons

• Mounting CIFS shares on Linux

• Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names

• User-Level, Share-Level and AD security

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• smbd, nmbd, winbindd

• smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup

• samba-tool

• net

• smbclient

• mount.cifs

• /etc/samba/

• /var/log/samba/

209.2 NFS Server Configuration (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• NFS version 3 configuration files

• NFS tools and utilities

• Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets

• Mount options on server and client

• TCP Wrappers

• Awareness of NFSv4

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/exports

• exportfs

• showmount

• nfsstat

• /proc/mounts

• /etc/fstab

• rpcinfo

• mountd

• portmapper

Topic 210: Network Client Management

210.1 DHCP configuration (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities

• Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup

• Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• dhcpd.conf

• dhcpd.leases

• DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal

• arp

• dhcpd

• radvd

• radvd.conf

210.2 PAM authentication (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• PAM configuration files, terms and utilities

• passwd and shadow passwords

• Use sssd for LDAP authentication

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/pam.d/

• pam.conf

• nsswitch.conf

• pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss

• sssd.conf

210.3 LDAP client usage (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• LDAP utilities for data management and queries

• Change user passwords

• Querying the LDAP directory

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ldapsearch

• ldappasswd

• ldapadd

• ldapdelete

210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenLDAP

• Directory based configuration

• Access Control

• Distinguished Names

• Changetype Operations

• Schemas and Whitepages

• Directories

• Object IDs, Attributes and Classes

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• slapd

• slapd-config

• LDIF

• slapadd

• slapcat

• slapindex

• /var/lib/ldap/

• loglevel

Topic 211: E-Mail Services

211.1 Using e-mail servers (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Configuration files for postfix

• Basic TLS configuration for postfix

• Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol

• Awareness of sendmail and exim

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Configuration files and commands for postfix

• /etc/postfix/

• /var/spool/postfix/

• sendmail emulation layer commands

• /etc/aliases

• mail-related logs in /var/log/

211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators

• Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size

• Awareness of procmail

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Conditions and comparison operators

• keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop

• Dovecot vacation extension

211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration

• Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot

• Awareness of Courier

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/dovecot/

• dovecot.conf

• doveconf

• doveadm

Topic 212: System Security

212.1 Configuring a router (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities

• Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.

• Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)

• Port redirection and IP forwarding

• List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address

• Save and reload filtering configurations

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /proc/sys/net/ipv4/

• /proc/sys/net/ipv6/

• /etc/services

• iptables

• ip6tables

212.2 Managing FTP servers (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd

• Awareness of ProFTPd

• Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• vsftpd.conf

• important Pure-FTPd command line options

212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities

• Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users

• Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password

• Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ssh

• sshd

• /etc/ssh/sshd_config

• /etc/ssh/

• Private and public key files

• PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol

212.4 Security tasks (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server

• Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources

• Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)

• Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• telnet

• nmap

• fail2ban

• nc

• iptables

212.5 OpenVPN (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenVPN

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/openvpn/

• openvpn

Future Change Considerations

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

• Extend the amount of NetworkManager covered, i.e. including the CLI

• lighttpd would have been too much coverage of web services. Perhaps reduce Apache next revision to make room.

• host level IDS (tripwire, AIDE, etc) to be covered in future LPIC-1.

• introduction (or more) to FreeIPA

• add coverage of mod_security and mod_evasive to Apache HTTP (maybe as a separate topic: Web Application Firewall)

• add coverage of a higher-level firewall package like firewalld or ufw

• Reconsider mod_perl

• Add firewall-cmd and /etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf related to firewalld to LPIC-2

• Awareness of firewalld

• Add nmcli and nmtui to LPIC-2

• Full coverage of IPv6 auto configuration

• Remove djbdns

• Advanced shell scripting (sed -e, set -x, set -o, pipefail, PIPESTATUS, declare)

• Filesystem quota (similar to the topic removed from LPIC-1)

• Understanding of consistency in backups, e.g. for databases

• Let's Encrypt for certification procurement

• 202.2: Reconsider NVMe booting

• 207.1: Consider dropping djbdns and consider unbound

• 207.1: /var/named/ is distro-specific

• 207.2: Remove creation of root.hints

• 207.2: Reconsider nslookup

• 207.3: Reconsider chroot

• 208.2: Remove CA.pl

• 208.2: Remove SNI specialties

• 208.2: Remove client certificate options

• 208.3: Reconsider the relevance of Squid

• 209.1: Remove Samba Share-Level security

• 209.1: Remove nmblookup

• 210.1: Remove arp

• 210.4: Aggregate Whitepages, schemas, classes etc.

• 212.2: Remove FTP

• 212.3: Remove Protocol

• 212.4: Remove bugtraq etc.

• Remove paths to commands and configuration files wherever possible