LPIC-303(ES)

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Introduccion

La descripción del programa completo LPIC-3 figura en la lista aquí.

Información de versión

Estos son los objetivos de la versión 2.0.0. La versión 1.x objetivos se puede encontrar aquí.


Traducciones de objetivos

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en esta wiki:


Objetivos

Topic 325: Criptografía

325.1 X.509 Certificados e Infraestructuras de Clave Pública (peso: 5)

Weight 5
Description Los candidatos deben comprender los certificados X.509 y las infraestructuras de clave pública. Deben saber cómo configurar y usar OpenSSL para implementar las autoridades de certificación y emitir certificados SSL para diversos fines.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Comprender los certificados X.509, el ciclo de vida del certificado X.509, los campos del certificado X.509 y las extensiones de certificado X.509v3.
  • Comprender las cadenas de confianza y las infraestructuras de clave pública.
  • Generar y administrar claves públicas y privadas.
  • Crear, operar y asegurar una autoridad de certificación.
  • Solicitar, firmar y administrar certificados de servidor y cliente.
  • Revocar certificados y autoridades de certificación.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • openssl, incluidos los subcomandos pertinentes
  • Configuración de OpenSSL
  • PEM, DER, PKCS
  • CSR
  • CRL
  • OCSP


Certificados para encriptación, firma y autenticación (peso: 4) 325.2 X.509

Weight 4
Descripcion Los candidatos deben saber cómo usar certificados X.509 para autenticación de servidor y cliente. Los candidatos deben ser capaces de implementar la autenticación de usuario y servidor para Apache HTTPD. La versión de Apache HTTPD cubierta es 2.4 o superior.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Comprender las versiones de los protocolos SSL y TLS.
  • Comprender las amenazas de seguridad comunes de la capa de transporte, por ejemplo Man-in-the-Middle.
  • Configurar Apache HTTPD con mod_ssl para proporcionar servicio HTTPS, incluidos SNI y HSTS.
  • Configurar Apache HTTPD con mod_ssl para autenticar a los usuarios que usan certificados.
  • Configurar Apache HTTPD con mod_ssl para proporcionar el engrapado OCSP.
  • Usar OpenSSL para pruebas de servidor y cliente SSL / TLS.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • Autoridades de certificación intermedias
  • Configuración de cifrado (sin conocimiento específico de cifrado)
  • httpd.conf
  • mod_ssl
  • openssl


325.3 Sistemas de archivos encriptados (peso: 3)

Peso 3
Descripcion Los candidatos deben ser capaces de configurar y configurar sistemas de archivos encriptados.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Comprender los dispositivo de bloque y el cifrado del sistema de archivos.
  • Usar dm-crypt con LUKS para encriptar dispositivos de bloque.
  • Usar eCryptfs para cifrar sistemas de archivos, incluidos directorios personales e integración de PAM.
  • Conocer y tener en cuenta dm-crypt simple y EncFS.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • cryptsetup
  • cryptmount
  • /etc/crypttab
  • ecryptfsd
  • comandos ecryptfs-*
  • mount.ecryptfs, umount.ecryptfs
  • pam_ecryptfs


325.4 DNS and Cryptography (weight: 5)

Weight 5
Description Candidates should have experience and knowledge of cryptography in the context of DNS and its implementation using BIND. The version of BIND covered is 9.7 or higher.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Understanding of DNSSEC and DANE.
  • Configure and troubleshoot BIND as an authoritative name server serving DNSSEC secured zones.
  • Configure BIND as an recursive name server that performs DNSSEC validation on behalf of its clients.
  • Key Signing Key, Zone Signing Key, Key Tag
  • Key generation, key storage, key management and key rollover
  • Maintenance and re-signing of zones
  • Use DANE to publish X.509 certificate information in DNS.
  • Use TSIG for secure communication with BIND.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • DNS, EDNS, Zones, Resource Records
  • DNS resource records: DS, DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, TLSA
  • DO-Bit, AD-Bit
  • TSIG
  • named.conf
  • dnssec-keygen
  • dnssec-signzone
  • dnssec-settime
  • dnssec-dsfromkey
  • rndc
  • dig
  • delv
  • openssl



Topic 326: Host Security

326.1 Host Hardening (weight: 3)

Weight 3
Description Candidates should be able to secure computers running Linux against common threats. This includes kernel and software configuration.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Configure BIOS and boot loader (GRUB 2) security.
  • Disable useless software and services.
  • Use sysctl for security related kernel configuration, particularly ASLR, Exec-Shield and IP / ICMP configuration.
  • Limit resource usage.
  • Work with chroot environments.
  • Drop unnecessary capabilities.
  • Be aware of the security advantages of virtualization.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • grub.cfg
  • chkconfig, systemctl
  • ulimit
  • /etc/security/limits.conf
  • pam_limits.so
  • chroot
  • sysctl
  • /etc/sysctl.conf


326.2 Host Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

Weight 4
Description Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of common host intrusion detection software. This includes updates and maintenance as well as automated host scans.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Use and configure the Linux Audit system.
  • Use chkrootkit.
  • Use and configure rkhunter, including updates.
  • Use Linux Malware Detect.
  • Automate host scans using cron.
  • Configure and use AIDE, including rule management.
  • Be aware of OpenSCAP.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • auditd
  • auditctl
  • ausearch, aureport
  • auditd.conf
  • audit.rules
  • pam_tty_audit.so
  • chkrootkit
  • rkhunter
  • /etc/rkhunter.conf
  • maldet
  • conf.maldet
  • aide
  • /etc/aide/aide.conf


326.3 User Management and Authentication (weight: 5)

Weight 5
Description Candidates should be familiar with management and authentication of user accounts. This includes configuration and use of NSS, PAM, SSSD and Kerberos for both local and remote directories and authentication mechanisms as well as enforcing a password policy.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Understand and configure NSS.
  • Understand and configure PAM.
  • Enforce password complexity policies and periodic password changes.
  • Lock accounts automatically after failed login attempts.
  • Configure and use SSSD.
  • Configure NSS and PAM for use with SSSD.
  • Configure SSSD authentication against Active Directory, IPA, LDAP, Kerberos and local domains.
  • Obtain and manage Kerberos tickets.

TLa siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • nsswitch.conf
  • /etc/login.defs
  • pam_cracklib.so
  • chage
  • pam_tally.so, pam_tally2.so
  • faillog
  • pam_sss.so
  • sssd
  • sssd.conf
  • sss_* commands
  • krb5.conf
  • kinit, klist, kdestroy


326.4 FreeIPA Installation and Samba Integration (weight: 4)

Weight 4
Description Candidates should be familiar with FreeIPA v4.x. This includes installation and maintenance of a server instance with a FreeIPA domain as well as integration of FreeIPA with Active Directory.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Understand FreeIPA, including its architecture and components.
  • Understand system and configuration prerequisites for installing FreeIPA.
  • Install and manage a FreeIPA server and domain.
  • Understand and configure Active Directory replication and Kerberos cross-realm trusts.
  • Be aware of sudo, autofs, SSH and SELinux integration in FreeIPA.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • 389 Directory Server, MIT Kerberos, Dogtag Certificate System, NTP, DNS, SSSD, certmonger
  • ipa, including relevant subcommands
  • ipa-server-install, ipa-client-install, ipa-replica-install
  • ipa-replica-prepare, ipa-replica-manage



Topic 327: Access Control

327.1 Discretionary Access Control (weight: 3)

Weight 3
Description Candidates are required to understand Discretionary Access Control and know how to implement it using Access Control Lists. Additionally, candidates are required to understand and know how to use Extended Attributes.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Understand and manage file ownership and permissions, including SUID and SGID.
  • Understand and manage access control lists.
  • Understand and manage extended attributes and attribute classes.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • getfacl
  • setfacl
  • getfattr
  • setfattr


327.2 Mandatory Access Control (weight: 4)

Weight 4
Description Candidates should be familiar with Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. Specifically, candidates should have a thorough knowledge of SELinux. Also, candidates should be aware of other Mandatory Access Control systems for Linux. This includes major features of these systems but not configuration and use.

Key Knowledge Areas:

  • Understand the concepts of TE, RBAC, MAC and DAC.
  • Configure, manage and use SELinux.
  • Be aware of AppArmor and Smack.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • getenforce, setenforce, selinuxenabled
  • getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool
  • fixfiles, restorecon, setfiles
  • newrole, runcon
  • semanage
  • sestatus, seinfo
  • apol
  • seaudit, seaudit-report, audit2why, audit2allow
  • /etc/selinux/*


327.3 Network File Systems (weight: 3)

Weight 3
Description Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of NFSv4 clients and servers as well as CIFS client services. Earlier versions of NFS are not required knowledge.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Understand NFSv4 security issues and improvements.
  • Configure NFSv4 server and clients.
  • Understand and configure NFSv4 authentication mechanisms (LIPKEY, SPKM, Kerberos).
  • Understand and use NFSv4 pseudo file system.
  • Understand and use NFSv4 ACLs.
  • Configure CIFS clients.
  • Understand and use CIFS Unix Extensions.
  • Understand and configure CIFS security modes (NTLM, Kerberos).
  • Understand and manage mapping and handling of CIFS ACLs and SIDs in a Linux system.


La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • /etc/exports
  • /etc/idmap.conf
  • nfs4acl
  • mount.cifs parameters related to ownership, permissions and security modes
  • winbind
  • getcifsacl, setcifsacl



Topic 328: Network Security

328.1 Network Hardening (weight: 4)

Weight 4
Description Candidates should be able to secure networks against common threats. This includes verification of the effectiveness of security measures.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Configure FreeRADIUS to authenticate network nodes.
  • Use nmap to scan networks and hosts, including different scan methods.
  • Use Wireshark to analyze network traffic, including filters and statistics.
  • Identify and deal with rogue router advertisements and DHCP messages.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • radiusd
  • radmin
  • radtest, radclient
  • radlast, radwho
  • radiusd.conf
  • /etc/raddb/*
  • nmap
  • wireshark
  • tshark
  • tcpdump
  • ndpmon


328.2 Network Intrusion Detection (weight: 4)

Weight 4
Description Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of network security scanning, network monitoring and network intrusion detection software. This includes updating and maintaining the security scanners.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Implement bandwidth usage monitoring.
  • Configure and use Snort, including rule management.
  • Configure and use OpenVAS, including NASL.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

  • ntop
  • Cacti
  • snort
  • snort-stat
  • /etc/snort/*
  • openvas-adduser, openvas-rmuser
  • openvas-nvt-sync
  • openvassd
  • openvas-mkcert
  • /etc/openvas/*


328.3 Packet Filtering (weight: 5)

Weight 5
Description Candidates should be familiar with the use and configuration of packet filters. This includes netfilter, iptables and ip6tables as well as basic knowledge of nftables, nft and ebtables.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Understand common firewall architectures, including DMZ.
  • Understand and use netfilter, iptables and ip6tables, including standard modules, tests and targets.
  • Implement packet filtering for both IPv4 and IPv6.
  • Implement connection tracking and network address translation.
  • Define IP sets and use them in netfilter rules.
  • Have basic knowledge of nftables and nft.
  • Have basic knowledge of ebtables.
  • Be aware of conntrackd.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • iptables
  • ip6tables
  • iptables-save, iptables-restore
  • ip6tables-save, ip6tables-restore
  • ipset
  • nft
  • ebtables


328.4 Virtual Private Networks (weight: 4)

Weight 4
Description Candidates should be familiar with the use of OpenVPN and IPsec.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Configure and operate OpenVPN server and clients for both bridged and routed VPN networks.
  • Configure and operate IPsec server and clients for routed VPN networks using IPsec-Tools / racoon.
  • Awareness of L2TP.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • /etc/openvpn/*
  • openvpn server and client
  • setkey
  • /etc/ipsec-tools.conf
  • /etc/racoon/racoon.conf

Other Comments for consideration

As examples, following items are not in the current objectives:

1) Related to Wireless LAN: (Note: It’s not only for Linux though, it is necessary to consider because there are many points to be taken care for configuration in terms of security measure.)

Some aspects (i.e. Radius) are implemented in V2 (fth)

2) Related to IPv6: Not only IPv4, but also IPv6 should be considered.

Implemented in V2 wherever applicable (fth)

3) Security features in Linux: For example, ASLR and Exec-Shield (ASCII Armor) should be considered, because it causes security level lower if those are disabled.

Implemented in host hardening in V2 (fth)

4) Related to Forensics: In the survey of malware’s behavior, Sleuth Kit would be used to analyze the hard disk on Linux machine. Also in some cases, LVM commands would be used to restore the disk which became un-mountable. So that this area should be learned.

This is an interesting topic, but it goes beyond basic security in the sense it "prevention and defending". This is postmortal analysis. As the exam already contains a lot of topic this is postponed but up to discussion (fth)

5) Database (RDB, NoSQL) security: Because Application Security (bind, apache, etc.) is covered now, this item would be nice to cover. And this item is listed in the CIF, security contest almost every time. Also the counter-measure in server side is necessary.

As the other software / service aspects beyond Linux system security have been dropped this is considered out of scope for now too (fth)

6) Related to OpenFlow: There are several points to be considered in terms of security measure about the configuration of OpenFlow.

This is considered as an application aspect which seems to be beyond the scope for not (fth).

7) RADIUS: This was covered in 301 though, this is not covered now. This should be covered.

Implemented in V2 (fth)

8) DNS: More DNSSEC and DANE.

Implemented in V2 (fth)

9) Secure development, hardening

Hardening has been implemented for both hosts and networks in V2 (fth), Secure development is considered out of scope for now (fth)

10) Certificate Transparency

Changes since version 1

321.3

The following aspects have been removed from objective 321.3 User Management and Authentication:

Key Knowledge Areas:

  • Kerberos Key Distribution Centre
  • Kerberos Principals
  • Kerberos Tickets
  • password cracking

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • krb5.conf
  • krb5kdc/kdc.conf
  • kdb5_util
  • rb5kdc/kadm5.acl
  • kadmin, kadmin.local
  • john



320.3 Advanced GPG

Weight To be determined
Description Candidates should know how to use GPG. This includes key generation, signing and publishing to key servers. Managing multiple private keys and IDs is also included.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Use GPG for encryption and signing.
  • Configure GPG.
  • Manage private and public keys.
  • Interact with GPG key servers to publish and retrieve public keys.

La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • gpg
  • gpgv
  • gpg-agent
  • ~/.gnupg/*



320.6 OpenSSH

Weight To be determined
Description Candidates should have experience and knowledge of security issues in use and configuration of OpenSSH SSH services.

Áreas de conocimiento clave:

  • Configure and use OpenSSH.
  • Manage OpenSSH keys and access control.
  • Be aware of SSH protocol v1 and v2 security issues.

'La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizadas:

  • /etc/ssh/*
  • ~/.ssh/*
  • ssh-keygen
  • ssh-agent
  • ssh-vulnkey


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