LPIC-2 Objectives(ES)

Introduccion

Este es un exámen requerido para la Certificación LPI Nivel 2 ó LPIC-2. Este exámen cubre las habilidades avanzadas para el profesional Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones del Linux.

Informacion de la Version

Estos objetivos son para la version 3.0.4.

Addenda

Addendum (Jul 1st, 2010)

• fixed ~/.procmailrc reference in 212.1

Addendum (Oct 1st, 2009)

• drop routed from 212.1

Addendum (Apr 1st, 2009)

• add uuidgen, tune2fs (-U) to 301.1 partial file list
• add TSIG to 207.3 partial file list
• drop cloneconfig and prepare-all from 201.2 partial file list
• add xfs_info, xfs_check and xfs_repair to 203.2 partial file list
• expanded details on HFS/ISO9660/UDF file systems and extensions in 203.3 key knowledge areas
• add awareness of sdparm to 204.2 partial file list
• add iwlist to 205.1 partial file list
• changed terminology from "make options" to "make targets" in 201.2

Addendum (Jan 1st, 2009)

• add vol_id, blkid and /dev/disk/* to 203.1 partial file list

Traduccion de Objetivos

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

• English
• Spanish
• Russian

Objectivos: Examen 201

Tema 201: Linux Kernel

201.1 Componentes del Kernel

Peso	2
Descripcion	El candidato debe poder utilizar los componentes del Kernel que son necesarios en las especificaciones del hardware, drivers del hardware, recursos de sistema y requisitos específicos. Este objetivo incluye la ejecución de diversos tipos de imágen del Kernel, identificando estabilidad y desarrollo de los Kernel`s al igual que los parches, así como usar los módulos del Kernel.

Areas de Conocimiento Clave:

• Documentacion del Kernel 2.6.x

La siguiente es una lista de archivos, terminos y utilerias usadas:

• /usr/src/linux
• /usr/src/linux/Documentation
• zImage
• bzImage

201.2 Compilando un Kernel

Peso	2
Descripcion	El candidato debe poder configurar correctamente un Kernel para incluir o deshabilitar características específicas del Kernel del Linux cuando sea necesario. Este objetivo incluye la compilación y recompilacion del Kernel como se vaya necesitando, actualizandose y observando cambios en un nuevo Kernel, creando una imagen initrd e instalando nuevos Kernels.

Areas de Conocimiento Clave:

• /usr/src/linux/
• GRUB: Configuracion de Archivos
• Kernel 2.6.x: opcion make

La siguiente es una lista de archivos, terminos y utilerias usadas:

• mkinitrd
• mkinitramfs
• make
• make targets (config, xconfig, menuconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install)

201.3 Parcheando un Kernel

Peso	1
Descripcion	El candidato debe poder parchear correctamente un Kernel al agregar el soporte para un nuevo hardware. Este objetivo también incluye poder quitar correctamente los parches del Kernel que anteriormente se habian puesto.

Areas de Conocimiento Clave:

• Kernel Makefiles

La siguiente es una lista de archivos, terminos y utilerias usadas:

• patch
• gzip
• bzip2

201.4 Modificar, construir e instalar un Kernel y los módulos de este

Peso	2
Descripcion	El candidato debe poder modificar, construir e instalar un Kernel version 2.6 como requisitos específicos del sistema, parchando, compilando y editando los archivos de configuracion que sean necesarios. Este objetivo incluye poder determinar los requisitos de un Kernel compilando, construllendo y configurando los módulos del Kernel.

Areas de Conocimiento Clave:

• Modificando la configuracion actual del Kernel
• Creando un nuevo Kernel y sus modulos apropiados
• Instalando un nuevo Kernel y algunos modulos
• Asegurando que el cargador del sistema pueda localizar el nuevo Kernel y sus archivos asociados
• /usr/src/linux/
• Archivos de Configuracion de los modulos

La siguiente es una lista de archivos, terminos y utilerias usadas:

• patch
• make
• module tools
• /usr/src/linux/*
• /usr/src/linux/.config
• /lib/modules/kernel-version/*
• /boot/*
• make targets: all, config, menuconfig, xconfig, gconfig oldconfig, modules, install, modules_install, depmod, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg

201.5 Manejo/Consulta de los módulos del Kernel en su ejecucion

Peso	3
Descripcion	El candidato debe poder manejar y/o consultar un Kernel2.6.x y sus módulos cargables.

Areas de Conocimiento Clave:

• Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.
• Manually load and unload kernel modules.
• Determine when modules can be unloaded.
• Determine what parameters a module accepts.
• Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.

La siguiente es una lista de archivos, terminos y utilerias usadas:

• /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
• module configuration files in /etc
• /proc/sys/kernel/
• depmod
• insmod
• lsmod
• rmmod
• modinfo
• modprobe
• uname

Topic 202: Iniciando el Sistema

202.1 Modificar el arranque del sistema y procesos de arranque

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various run levels. A thorough understanding of the init structure and boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with run levels.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/inittab
• /etc/init.d/
• /etc/rc.d/
• chkconfig
• update-rc.d

202.2 Sistema de Recuperacion

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• inittab
• GRUB
• grub shell

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• init
• mount
• fsck
• telinit

Topic 203: Archivos de sistema y Dispositivos

203.1 Funcionamiento de los archivos de sistema de Linux

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• The concept of the fstab configuration
• Tools and utilities for handling SWAP partitions and files
• Use of UUIDs

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/fstab
• /etc/mtab
• /proc/mounts
• mount and umount
• sync
• swapon
• swapoff

203.2 Mantenimiento de un Archivo de Sistema Linux

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2 and ext3
• Tools and utilities to manipulate reiserfs V3
• Tools and utilities to manipulate xfs

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• fsck (fsck.*)
• badblocks
• mkfs (mkfs.*)
• dumpe2fs
• debugfs, debugreiserfs
• tune2fs, reiserfstune
• mkswap
• xfs_info, xfs_check and xfs_repair

203.3 Creando y Configurando opciones de Archivos de Sistema

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• autofs configuration files
• UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities
• awareness of CD-ROM filesystems (UDF, ISO9660, HFS)
• awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/auto.master
• /etc/auto.[dir]
• mkisofs
• dd
• mke2fs

203.4 udev Manejos de dispositivos

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• udev rules
• Kernel interface

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• udevmonitor
• /etc/udev

Topic 204: Administración avanzada de dispositivos de almacenamiento

204.1 Configuracion RAID

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Software raid configuration files and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mdadm.conf
• mdadm
• /proc/mdstat
• fdisk

204.2 Ajuste de acceso del dispositivo de almacenamiento

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA
• Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)
• Awareness of sdparm command and its uses

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• hdparm
• sdparm
• tune2fs
• sysctl
• /dev/hd* & /dev/sd*

204.3 Manejo de Volumenes Logicos

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools in the LVM suite
• Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes
• Creating and maintaining snapshots
• Activating volume groups

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /sbin/pv*
• /sbin/lv*
• /sbin/vg*
• mount
• /dev/mapper/

Topic 205: Configuracion de Red

205.1 Configuracion basica de Red

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Configuring wireless networks

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /sbin/route
• /sbin/ifconfig
• /sbin/ip
• /usr/sbin/arp
• /sbin/iwconfig
• /sbin/iwlist

205.2 Configuracion y herramientas avanzadas para configurar una Red

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device, configuring a VPN client and resolving communication problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Utilities to manipulate routing tables
• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices
• Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic
• OpenVPN

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /sbin/route
• /sbin/ifconfig
• /bin/netstat
• /bin/ping
• /usr/sbin/arp
• /usr/sbin/tcpdump
• /usr/sbin/lsof
• /usr/bin/nc
• /sbin/ip
• /etc/openvpn/*
• openvpn
• nmap
• wireshark

205.3 Herramientas de red para localizar fallas

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Location and content of access restriction files
• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Utilities to manage routing tables
• Utilities to list network states.
• Utilities to gain information about the network configuration
• Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices
• System initialisation files and their contents (SysV init process)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /sbin/ifconfig
• /sbin/route
• /bin/netstat
• /etc/network || /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
• System log files such as /var/log/syslog & /var/log/messages
• /bin/ping
• /etc/resolv.conf
• /etc/hosts
• /etc/hosts.allow & /etc/hosts.deny
• /etc/hostname | /etc/HOSTNAME
• /bin/hostname
• /usr/sbin/traceroute
• /usr/bin/dig
• /bin/dmesg
• /usr/bin/host

205.4 Notificar a los usuarios cambios relacionados al sistema

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Automate communication with users through logon messages.
• Inform active users of system maintenance

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/issue
• /etc/issue.net
• /etc/motd
• wall
• /sbin/shutdown

Topic 206:Mantenimiento del Sistema

206.1 Crear e instalar programas fuente

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.
• Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.
• Apply parameters to a configure script.
• Know where sources are stored by default.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /usr/src/
• gunzip
• gzip
• bzip2
• tar
• configure
• make
• uname
• install

206.2 Operacion de Respaldo de informacion

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups
• Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula and BackupPC
• Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media
• Perform partial and manual backups.
• Verify the integrity of backup files.
• Partially or fully restore backups.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /bin/sh
• cpio
• dd
• tar
• /dev/st* and /dev/nst*
• mt
• rsync

Topic 207: Nombre del Servidor de Dominio

207.1 Configuracion basica de un servidor DNS

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to convert older BIND configuration files to newer format, managing a running server and configuring logging.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files
• Reloading modified configuration and zone files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/named.conf
• /var/named/*
• /usr/sbin/rndc
• kill

207.2 Creando y dando mantenimiento a la zonas DNS

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone or root level server. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities
• Utilities to request information from the DNS server
• Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files
• Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /var/named/*
• zone file syntax
• resource record formats
• dig
• nslookup
• host

207.3 Seguridad en un servidor DNS

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIND 9 configuration files
• Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail
• Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/named.conf
• /etc/passwd
• DNSSEC
• dnssec-keygen

Objectivos: Examen 202

Topic 208 Servicios Web

208.1 Implementando un Servidor Web

Peso	3
Descripcion	Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Apache 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Apache log files configuration and content
• Access restriction methods and files
• mod_perl and PHP configuration
• Client user authentication files and utilities
• Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• access logs and error logs
• .htaccess
• httpd.conf
• mod_auth
• htpasswd
• htgroup
• apache2ctl
• httpd

208.2 Mantenimiento de un Servidor Web

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and customise file access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• SSL configuration files, tools and utilities
• SSL certificate handling
• Apache 2.x virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
• Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Apache2 configuration files
• /etc/ssl/*
• openssl

208.3 Implementando un Servidor Proxy

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Squid 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Access restriction methods
• Client user authentication methods
• Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• squid.conf
• acl
• http_access

Topic 209: Compartiendo Archivos

209.1 Configuracion de Servidor SAMBA

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to set up a SAMBA server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba for login clients and setting up the workgroup in which a server participates and defining shared directories and printers. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Samba 3 documentation
• Samba configuration files
• Samba tools and utilities
• Mounting Samba shares on Linux
• Samba daemons
• Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names
• User-Level and Share-Level security

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• smbd, nmbd
• smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
• smbclient
• net
• /etc/smb/*
• /var/log/samba/

209.2 Configuracion de un Servidor NFS

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• NFS configuration files
• NFS tools and utilities
• Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets
• Mount options on server and client
• tcpwrappers

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/exports
• exportfs
• showmount
• nfsstat
• /proc/mounts
• /etc/fstab
• rpcinfo
• mountd
• portmapper

Topic 210 Administracion de Clientes Redes

210.1 Configuracion DHCP

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities
• Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• dhcpd.conf
• dhcpd.leases
• /var/log/daemon.log and /var/log/messages
• arp
• dhcpd

210.2 Autentificacion con PAM

Weight	3
Description	The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• PAM configuration files, terms and utilities
• passwd and shadow passwords

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/pam.d
• pam.conf
• nsswitch.conf
• pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile

210.3 Usando Clientes LDAP

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• LDAP utilities for data management and queries
• Change user passwords
• Querying the LDAP directory

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ldapsearch
• ldappasswd
• ldapadd
• ldapdelete

Topic 211: Servicios de Correo Electronico

211.1 Usando Servidores de Correo Electronico

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Configuration files for postfix
• Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol, sendmail, and exim

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Configuration files and commands for postfix
• Basic configuration of sendmail
• /etc/aliases
• /etc/mail/*
• /etc/postfix/*
• sendmail emulation layer commands
• /var/spool/mail
• mail-related logs in /var/log/

211.2 Administrando envio Local de Correo Electronico

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• procmail configuration files, tools and utilities
• Usage of procmail on both server and client side

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ~/.procmailrc
• /etc/procmailrc
• procmail
• mbox and Maildir formats

211.3 Administrando envio remoto de Correo Electronico

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Courier IMAP and Courier POP configuration
• Dovecot configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/courier/*
• dovecot.conf

Topic 212: System Security

212.1 Configurando un Routeador

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure a system to perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• iptables configuration files, tools and utilities
• Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
• Private address ranges
• Port redirection and IP forwarding
• List and write filtering and rules that accept or block datagrams based on source or destination protocol, port and address
• Save and reload filtering configurations

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /proc/sys/net/ipv4
• /etc/services
• iptables

212.2 Asegurando Servidores FTP

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd
• Awareness of ProFTPd
• Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• vsftpd.conf
• important Pure-FTPd command line options

212.3 Shell Segura (SSH)

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities
• Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users
• Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password
• Usage of XWindow and other application protocols through SSH tunnels
• Configuration of ssh-agent
• Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ssh
• sshd
• /etc/ssh/sshd_config
• Private and public key files
• ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
• PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol

212.4 TCP Wrapper

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to configure TCP Wrapper to allow connections to specified servers only from certain hosts or subnets.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• TCP Wrapper configuration files, tools and utilities
• inetd configuration files, tools and utilities

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/inetd.conf
• /etc/hosts.allow
• /etc/hosts.deny
• libwrap
• tcpd

212.5 Tareas de Seguridad

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server
• Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT, CIAC or other sources
• Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)
• Awareness of OpenVAS

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• telnet
• nmap
• snort
• fail2ban
• nc
• iptables

Topic 213: Solucion de Problemas

213.1 Identificación de las fases de arranque y solución de problemas de gestores de arranque

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB and LILO are the bootloaders of interest.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• boot loader start and hand off to kernel
• kernel loading
• hardware initialisation and setup
• daemon/service initialisation and setup
• Know the different bootloader install locations on a hard disk or removable device
• Overwriting standard bootloader options and using bootloader shells

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• The contents of /boot/ and /boot/grub/
• GRUB
• grub-install
• initrd, initramfs
• Master boot record
• /etc/init.d
• lilo
• /etc/lilo.conf

213.2 Solucion de Problemas Generales

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• /proc filesystem
• Various system and daemon log files
• Content of /, /boot , and /lib/modules
• Screen output during bootup
• Kernel syslog entries in system logs (if entry is able to be gained)
• Tools and utilities to analyse information about the used hardware
• Tools and utilities to trace software and their system and library calls

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• dmesg
• /sbin/lspci
• /usr/bin/lsdev
• /sbin/lsmod
• /sbin/modprobe
• /sbin/insmod
• /bin/uname
• strace
• strings
• ltrace
• lsof
• lsusb

213.3 Solución de Problemas de los Recursos del Sistema

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to identify, diagnose and repair local system issues when using software from the command line.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Core system variables
• The contents of:
  • /etc/profile && /etc/profile.d/
  • /etc/init.d/
  • /etc/rc.*
  • /etc/sysctl.conf
  • /etc/bashrc
  • /etc/ld.so.conf
  • or other appropriate global shell configuration files
• Any standard editor
• Standard tools, utilites and commands to manipulate the above files and variables

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /bin/ln
• /bin/rm
• /sbin/ldconfig
• /sbin/sysctl

213.4 Solución de Problemas de Configuraciones de Entorno

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to identify common local system and user environment configuration issues and common repair techniques.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Core system variables
• init configuration files
• init start process
• cron configuration files
• Login process
• User-password storage files
• Determine user group associations
• SHELL configuration files of bash
• Analysing which processes or daemons are running

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/inittab
• /etc/rc.local
• /etc/rc.boot
• /var/spool/cron/crontabs/
• The default shell configuration file(s) in /etc/
• /etc/login.defs
• /etc/syslog.conf
• /etc/passwd
• /etc/shadow
• /etc/group
• /sbin/init
• /usr/sbin/cron
• /usr/bin/crontab