LPIC-2 Objectives(Turkish)

Giriş

This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 2. It covers advanced skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux.

Sürüm Bilgisi

These objectives are version 3.0.5.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 2.x to 3.x of the objectives.

Addenda

Addendum (Jul 1st, 2011)

• added Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG) to 207.3
• added Signing zones using DNSSEC to 207.3

Addendum (Jan 1st, 2011)

• moved depmod from make targets to own place

Addendum (Jul 1st, 2010)

• fixed ~/.procmailrc reference in 212.1

Addendum (Oct 1st, 2009)

• drop routed from 212.1

Addendum (Apr 1st, 2009)

• add uuidgen, tune2fs (-U) to 301.1 partial file list
• add TSIG to 207.3 partial file list
• drop cloneconfig and prepare-all from 201.2 partial file list
• add xfs_info, xfs_check and xfs_repair to 203.2 partial file list
• expanded details on HFS/ISO9660/UDF file systems and extensions in 203.3 key knowledge areas
• add awareness of sdparm to 204.2 partial file list
• add iwlist to 205.1 partial file list
• changed terminology from "make options" to "make targets" in 201.2

Addendum (Jan 1st, 2009)

• add vol_id, blkid and /dev/disk/* to 203.1 partial file list

Tercümeler

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

• İngilizce
• İspanyolca
• Rusça
• Yunanca
• Türkçe

Hedefler: Sınav 201

Başlık 201: Linux Kernel

201.1 Kernel Components

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, identifying stable and development kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Kernel 2.6.x documentation

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /usr/src/linux
• /usr/src/linux/Documentation
• zImage
• bzImage

201.2 Compiling a kernel

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• /usr/src/linux/
• GRUB configuration files
• Kernel 2.6.x make targets

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• mkinitrd
• mkinitramfs
• make
• make targets (config, xconfig, menuconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install)

201.3 Patching a kernel

Ağırlık	1
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to properly patch a kernel to add support for new hardware. This objective also includes being able to properly remove kernel patches from already patched kernels.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Kernel Makefiles

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• patch
• gzip
• bzip2

201.4 Customise, build and install a custom kernel and kernel modules

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to customise, build and install a 2.6 kernel for specific system requirements, by patching, compiling and editing configuration files as required. This objective includes being able to assess requirements for a kernel compile as well as build and configure kernel modules.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Customize the current kernel configuration.
• Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.
• Install a new kernel and any modules.
• Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.
• /usr/src/linux/
• Module configuration files

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• patch
• make
• module tools
• /usr/src/linux/*
• /usr/src/linux/.config
• /lib/modules/kernel-version/*
• /boot/*
• make targets: all, config, menuconfig, xconfig, gconfig oldconfig, modules, install, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg
• depmod

201.5 Manage/Query kernel and kernel modules at runtime

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x kernel and its loadable modules.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.
• Manually load and unload kernel modules.
• Determine when modules can be unloaded.
• Determine what parameters a module accepts.
• Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
• module configuration files in /etc
• /proc/sys/kernel/
• depmod
• insmod
• lsmod
• rmmod
• modinfo
• modprobe
• uname

Başlık 202: System Startup

202.1 Customising system startup and boot processes

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various run levels. A thorough understanding of the init structure and boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with run levels.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/inittab
• /etc/init.d/
• /etc/rc.d/
• chkconfig
• update-rc.d

202.2 System recovery

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• inittab
• GRUB
• grub shell

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• init
• mount
• fsck
• telinit

Başlık 203: Filesystem and Devices

203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• The concept of the fstab configuration
• Tools and utilities for handling SWAP partitions and files
• Use of UUIDs

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/fstab
• /etc/mtab
• /proc/mounts
• mount and umount
• sync
• swapon
• swapoff

203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2 and ext3
• Tools and utilities to manipulate reiserfs V3
• Tools and utilities to manipulate xfs

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• fsck (fsck.*)
• badblocks
• mkfs (mkfs.*)
• dumpe2fs
• debugfs, debugreiserfs
• tune2fs, reiserfstune
• mkswap
• xfs_info, xfs_check and xfs_repair

203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• autofs configuration files
• UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities
• awareness of CD-ROM filesystems (UDF, ISO9660, HFS)
• awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito)

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/auto.master
• /etc/auto.[dir]
• mkisofs
• dd
• mke2fs

203.4 udev Device Management

Ağırlık	1
Açıklama	Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• udev rules
• Kernel interface

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• udevmonitor
• /etc/udev

Başlık 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration

204.1 Configuring RAID

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Software raid configuration files and utilities

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• mdadm.conf
• mdadm
• /proc/mdstat
• fdisk

204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access

Ağırlık	1
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA
• Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)
• Awareness of sdparm command and its uses

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• hdparm
• sdparm
• tune2fs
• sysctl
• /dev/hd* & /dev/sd*

204.3 Logical Volume Manager

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Tools in the LVM suite
• Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes
• Creating and maintaining snapshots
• Activating volume groups

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /sbin/pv*
• /sbin/lv*
• /sbin/vg*
• mount
• /dev/mapper/

Başlık 205: Networking Configuration

205.1 Basic networking configuration

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Configuring wireless networks

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /sbin/route
• /sbin/ifconfig
• /sbin/ip
• /usr/sbin/arp
• /sbin/iwconfig
• /sbin/iwlist

205.2 Advanced Network Configuration and Troubleshooting

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device, configuring a VPN client and resolving communication problems.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Utilities to manipulate routing tables
• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices
• Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic
• OpenVPN

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /sbin/route
• /sbin/ifconfig
• /bin/netstat
• /bin/ping
• /usr/sbin/arp
• /usr/sbin/tcpdump
• /usr/sbin/lsof
• /usr/bin/nc
• /sbin/ip
• /etc/openvpn/*
• openvpn
• nmap
• wireshark

205.3 Troubleshooting network issues

Ağırlık	5
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Location and content of access restriction files
• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Utilities to manage routing tables
• Utilities to list network states.
• Utilities to gain information about the network configuration
• Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices
• System initialisation files and their contents (SysV init process)

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /sbin/ifconfig
• /sbin/route
• /bin/netstat
• /etc/network || /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
• System log files such as /var/log/syslog & /var/log/messages
• /bin/ping
• /etc/resolv.conf
• /etc/hosts
• /etc/hosts.allow & /etc/hosts.deny
• /etc/hostname | /etc/HOSTNAME
• /bin/hostname
• /usr/sbin/traceroute
• /usr/bin/dig
• /bin/dmesg
• /usr/bin/host

205.4 Notify users on system-related issues

Ağırlık	1
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Automate communication with users through logon messages.
• Inform active users of system maintenance

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/issue
• /etc/issue.net
• /etc/motd
• wall
• /sbin/shutdown

Başlık 206:System Maintenance

206.1 Make and install programs from source

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.
• Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.
• Apply parameters to a configure script.
• Know where sources are stored by default.

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /usr/src/
• gunzip
• gzip
• bzip2
• tar
• configure
• make
• uname
• install

206.2 Backup operations

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups
• Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula and BackupPC
• Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media
• Perform partial and manual backups.
• Verify the integrity of backup files.
• Partially or fully restore backups.

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /bin/sh
• cpio
• dd
• tar
• /dev/st* and /dev/nst*
• mt
• rsync

Başlık 207: Domain Name Server

207.1 Basic DNS server configuration

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to convert older BIND configuration files to newer format, managing a running server and configuring logging.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files
• Reloading modified configuration and zone files

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/named.conf
• /var/named/*
• /usr/sbin/rndc
• kill

207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone or root level server. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities
• Utilities to request information from the DNS server
• Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files
• Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /var/named/*
• zone file syntax
• resource record formats
• dig
• nslookup
• host

207.3 Securing a DNS server

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• BIND 9 configuration files
• Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail
• Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement
• Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)
• Signing zones using DNSSEC

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/named.conf
• /etc/passwd
• DNSSEC
• dnssec-keygen

Hedefler: Exam 202

Başlık 208 Web Services

208.1 Implementing a web server

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Apache 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Apache log files configuration and content
• Access restriction methods and files
• mod_perl and PHP configuration
• Client user authentication files and utilities
• Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• access logs and error logs
• .htaccess
• httpd.conf
• mod_auth
• htpasswd
• htgroup
• apache2ctl
• httpd

208.2 Maintaining a web server

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and customise file access.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• SSL configuration files, tools and utilities
• SSL certificate handling
• Apache 2.x virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
• Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• Apache2 configuration files
• /etc/ssl/*
• openssl

208.3 Implementing a proxy server

Ağırlık	1
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Squid 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Access restriction methods
• Client user authentication methods
• Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• squid.conf
• acl
• http_access

Başlık 209: File Sharing

209.1 SAMBA Server Configuration

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to set up a SAMBA server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba for login clients and setting up the workgroup in which a server participates and defining shared directories and printers. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Samba 3 documentation
• Samba configuration files
• Samba tools and utilities
• Mounting Samba shares on Linux
• Samba daemons
• Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names
• User-Level and Share-Level security

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• smbd, nmbd
• smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
• smbclient
• net
• /etc/smb/*
• /var/log/samba/

209.2 NFS Server Configuration

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• NFS configuration files
• NFS tools and utilities
• Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets
• Mount options on server and client
• tcpwrappers

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/exports
• exportfs
• showmount
• nfsstat
• /proc/mounts
• /etc/fstab
• rpcinfo
• mountd
• portmapper

Başlık 210 Network Client Management

210.1 DHCP configuration

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities
• Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• dhcpd.conf
• dhcpd.leases
• /var/log/daemon.log and /var/log/messages
• arp
• dhcpd

210.2 PAM authentication

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• PAM configuration files, terms and utilities
• passwd and shadow passwords

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/pam.d
• pam.conf
• nsswitch.conf
• pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile

210.3 LDAP client usage

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• LDAP utilities for data management and queries
• Change user passwords
• Querying the LDAP directory

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• ldapsearch
• ldappasswd
• ldapadd
• ldapdelete

Başlık 211: E-Mail Services

211.1 Using e-mail servers

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Configuration files for postfix
• Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol, sendmail, and exim

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• Configuration files and commands for postfix
• Basic configuration of sendmail
• /etc/aliases
• /etc/mail/*
• /etc/postfix/*
• sendmail emulation layer commands
• /var/spool/mail
• mail-related logs in /var/log/

211.2 Managing Local E-Mail Delivery

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• procmail configuration files, tools and utilities
• Usage of procmail on both server and client side

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• ~/.procmailrc
• /etc/procmailrc
• procmail
• mbox and Maildir formats

211.3 Managing Remote E-Mail Delivery

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Courier IMAP and Courier POP configuration
• Dovecot configuration

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/courier/*
• dovecot.conf

Başlık 212: System Security

212.1 Configuring a router

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure a system to perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• iptables configuration files, tools and utilities
• Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
• Private address ranges
• Port redirection and IP forwarding
• List and write filtering and rules that accept or block datagrams based on source or destination protocol, port and address
• Save and reload filtering configurations

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /proc/sys/net/ipv4
• /etc/services
• iptables

212.2 Securing FTP servers

Ağırlık	2
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd
• Awareness of ProFTPd
• Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• vsftpd.conf
• important Pure-FTPd command line options

212.3 Secure shell (SSH)

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities
• Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users
• Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password
• Usage of XWindow and other application protocols through SSH tunnels
• Configuration of ssh-agent
• Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• ssh
• sshd
• /etc/ssh/sshd_config
• Private and public key files
• ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
• PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol

212.4 TCP Wrapper

Ağırlık	1
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to configure TCP Wrapper to allow connections to specified servers only from certain hosts or subnets.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• TCP Wrapper configuration files, tools and utilities
• inetd configuration files, tools and utilities

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/inetd.conf
• /etc/hosts.allow
• /etc/hosts.deny
• libwrap
• tcpd

212.5 Security tasks

Ağırlık	3
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server
• Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT, CIAC or other sources
• Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)
• Awareness of OpenVAS

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• telnet
• nmap
• snort
• fail2ban
• nc
• iptables

Başlık 213: Troubleshooting

213.1 Identifying boot stages and troubleshooting bootloaders

Ağırlık	4
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB and LILO are the bootloaders of interest.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• boot loader start and hand off to kernel
• kernel loading
• hardware initialisation and setup
• daemon/service initialisation and setup
• Know the different bootloader install locations on a hard disk or removable device
• Overwriting standard bootloader options and using bootloader shells

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• The contents of /boot/ and /boot/grub/
• GRUB
• grub-install
• initrd, initramfs
• Master boot record
• /etc/init.d
• lilo
• /etc/lilo.conf

213.2 General troubleshooting

Ağırlık	5
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• /proc filesystem
• Various system and daemon log files
• Content of /, /boot , and /lib/modules
• Screen output during bootup
• Kernel syslog entries in system logs (if entry is able to be gained)
• Tools and utilities to analyse information about the used hardware
• Tools and utilities to trace software and their system and library calls

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• dmesg
• /sbin/lspci
• /usr/bin/lsdev
• /sbin/lsmod
• /sbin/modprobe
• /sbin/insmod
• /bin/uname
• strace
• strings
• ltrace
• lsof
• lsusb

213.3 Troubleshooting system resources

Ağırlık	5
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to identify, diagnose and repair local system issues when using software from the command line.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Core system variables
• The contents of:
  • /etc/profile && /etc/profile.d/
  • /etc/init.d/
  • /etc/rc.*
  • /etc/sysctl.conf
  • /etc/bashrc
  • /etc/ld.so.conf
  • or other appropriate global shell configuration files
• Any standard editor
• Standard tools, utilites and commands to manipulate the above files and variables

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /bin/ln
• /bin/rm
• /sbin/ldconfig
• /sbin/sysctl

213.4 Troubleshooting environment configurations

Ağırlık	5
Açıklama	Candidates should be able to identify common local system and user environment configuration issues and common repair techniques.

Temel Bilgi Alanları:

• Core system variables
• init configuration files
• init start process
• cron configuration files
• Login process
• User-password storage files
• Determine user group associations
• SHELL configuration files of bash
• Analysing which processes or daemons are running

Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:

• /etc/inittab
• /etc/rc.local
• /etc/rc.boot
• /var/spool/cron/crontabs/
• The default shell configuration file(s) in /etc/
• /etc/login.defs
• /etc/syslog.conf
• /etc/passwd
• /etc/shadow
• /etc/group
• /sbin/init
• /usr/sbin/cron
• /usr/bin/crontab