LPI Wiki - User contributions [en]

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:56:38Z

Duven: /* Traducción de los objetivos= */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos==

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a lo largo del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Comprobar los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / objetivo de arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''
* Establecer el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo monousuario.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar procesos de forma adecuada.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 102.1 Diseño del esquema de particionado del disco duro duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''

* Asignar sistemas de archivos y espacio de intercambio a particiones o discos separados.
* Adaptar el diseño al uso previsto del sistema.
* Asegurar de que la partición /boot cumple los requisitos de la arquitectura de hardware para el arranque.
* Conocimiento de las características básicas de LVM.

'''Lista parcial de archivos, términos y utilidades:'''

* Sistema de archivos / (raíz)
* Sistema de archivos /var
* Sistema de archivos /home
* Sistema de archivos /boot
* Partición del sistema EFI (ESP)
* Espacio de intercambio (swap)
* Puntos de montaje
* Particiones

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)

2018-11-23T20:54:57Z

Duven: /* Übersetzungen der Lernziele */

__FORCETOC__
==Einführung==

Diese Prüfungen sind für die LPI-Zertifizierung auf Stufe 1 vorgeschrieben. Sie beinhalten grundsätzliche Kenntnisse für Linux-Profis, die bei allen Linux-Distributionen gleich sind.

Diese Seite berücksichtigt die aktuellen Lernziele für LPIC-1-Zertifizierung.

 

==Information zur Version==

Diese Lernziele sind Version 5.0.

Es gibt auch eine [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0(DE)|Übersicht mit Details]] der Änderungen von Version 4.0 zur Version 5.0 der Lernziele.

Die Lernziele der [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4(DE)|4.x Version]] findet man [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4(DE)|hier]].

 

==Prüfungen==

Um nach [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]] zertifiziert zu werden, müssen Kandidaten sowohl die Prüfung [[LPIC-1 Objectives V4#Objectives: 101|101]] als auch die Prüfung [[LPIC-1 Objectives V4#Objectives: Exam 102|102]] bestehen.

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Ergänzungen==

 

==Übersetzungen der Lernziele==

Folgende Übersetzungen der Lernziele sind in diesem Wiki verfügbar:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalan)|Katalanisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Englisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Französich]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Deutsch]] -
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griechisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japanisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugiesisch (Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugiesisch (Brasilien)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Russisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Spanisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Swahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Swedisch]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Türkisch]]

 

==Lernziele: Prüfung 101==

===''Thema 101: Systemarchitektur''===

====101.1 Hardwareeinstellungen ermitteln und konfigurieren====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die wesentliche Hardware eines
Systems zu bestimmen und zu konfigurieren.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* integrierte Peripheriegeräte aktivieren und deaktivieren
* die verschiedenen Arten von Massenspeichern unterscheiden
* Hardwareressourcen für Geräte ermitteln
* Werkzeuge und Hilfsprogramme, um verschiedene Hardwareinformationen aufzulisten (z. B. lsusb, lspci usw.)
* Werkzeuge und Hilfsprogramme, um USB-Geräte zu beeinflussen
* konzeptuelles Verständnis von sysfs, udev, dbus

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Das System starten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, das System durch den Startvorgang zu geleiten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* zur Startzeit dem Bootloader gängige Befehle und dem Kernel Optionen übergeben
* Wissen über den Startvorgang vom BIOS/UEFI bis zum Abschluss des Systemstarts nachweisen
* SysVinit und systemd verstehen
* Kenntnis von Upstart
* Ereignisse des Systemstarts in den Protokolldateien prüfen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Runlevel wechseln und das System anhalten oder neu starten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die SysVinit-Runlevel bzw. systemd Boot-Targets des Systems zu verwalten. Dieses Lernziel umfasst das Wechseln in den Single-User-Modus, das Anhalten und den Neustart des Systems. Kandidaten sollten ebenfalls in der Lage sein, Benutzer vor einem Wechsel des Runlevels oder Boot-Targets zu benachrichtigen und Prozesse korrekt anzuhalten. Dieses Lernziel umfasst ferner das Einstellen des Standard-Runlevels für SysVinit oder des systemd Boot-Targets. Es enthält auch Kenntnisse über Upstart als Alternative zu SysVinit und systemd.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* das Standard-Runlevel oder das Boot-Target setzen
* zwischen Runleveln und Boot-Targets wechseln, einschließlich des Single-User-Modus
* Systemhalt und Neustart von der Befehlszeile aus
* Benutzer vor einem Runlevel- bzw. Boot-Target-Wechsel oder einem anderen größeren Ereignis benachrichtigen
* Prozesse korrekt beenden
* Kenntnis von acpid

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Thema 102: Linux-Installation und -Paketverwaltung''===

====102.1 Festplattenaufteilung planen====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten ein Platten-Partitionierungsschema für ein Linux-
System entwerfen können.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Dateisysteme und Swap Space einzelnen Partitionen oder Platten zuordnen
* die Partitionierung an den Verwendungszweck des Systems anpassen
* sicherstellen, dass die /boot-Partition den Anforderungen der Hardwarearchitektur für den Systemstart genügt
* Wissen über grundlegende Features von LVM

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var-Dateisystem
* /home-Dateisystem
* /boot-Dateisystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* Sswap Space
* Mountpoints
* Partitionen

 

====102.2 Einen Bootmanager installieren====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten einen Bootmanager auswählen, installieren und konfigurieren können.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* alternative und Notfall-Startmöglichkeiten vorsehen
* einen Bootloader wie GRUB Legacy installieren und konfigurieren
* grundlegende Konfigurationsänderungen an GRUB 2 durchführen
* mit dem Bootloader interagieren

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg und grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Shared Libraries verwalten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die Shared Libraries zu bestimmen, von denen ausführbare Programme abhängen, und diese bei Bedarf zu installieren.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Shared Libraries identifizieren
* die typischen Orte für Systembibliotheken identifizieren
* Shared Libraries laden

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Debian-Paketverwaltung verwenden====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Pakete mit den Debian-Paketwerkzeugen zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Debian-Binärpakete installieren, aktualisieren und entfernen
* Pakete finden, die bestimmte Dateien oder Bibliotheken enthalten und installiert sind oder nicht
* Paketinformationen erhalten, wie Version, Inhalt, Abhängigkeiten, Integrität des Paketes und Installationsstatus (ob das Paket installiert ist oder nicht)
* Kenntnis von apt

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 RPM und YUM-Paketverwaltung verwenden====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Pakete mit den RPM, YUM und Zypper zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Pakete mit RPM, YUM und Zypper installieren, reinstallieren, aktualisieren und entfernen
* Informationen über RPM-Pakete bestimmen wie Version, Status, Abhängigkeiten, Integrität und Signaturen
* herausfinden, welche Dateien ein Paket zur Verfügung stellt, und herausfinden, aus welchem Paket eine bestimmte Datei stammt
* Kenntnis von dnf

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux als Virtualisierungs-Gast====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten die Auswirkungen von Virtualisierung und Cloud Computing auf ein Linux-Gastsystem verstehen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Verstehen der grundlegenden Konzepte von virtuellen Maschinen und Containern
* Verstehen gebräuchlicher Elemente virtueller Maschinen in einer IaaS Cloud, wie Computer Instanzen, Blockspeicherung und Netzwerke
* Verstehen individueller Eigenschaften eines Linux-Systems, die angepasst werden müssen, wenn ein System geklont oder als Vorlage verwendet wird
* Verstehen, wie System-Images verwendet werden um virtuelle Maschinen, Cloud-Instanzen und Container zu erstellen
* Verstehen von Linux-Erweiterungen, die Linux mit einem Virtualisierungs-Produkt integrieren
* Kenntnis von cloud-init

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* virtuelle Maschine
* Linux Container
* Application Container
* Gasttreiber
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus Maschinen ID

 

===''Topic 103: GNU- und Unix-Befehle''===

====103.1 Auf der Befehlszeile arbeiten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, über die Befehlszeile mit Shells und Befehlen zu interagieren. Dieses Lernziel setzt die Bash als Shell voraus.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* einzelne Shell-Befehle und einzeilige Befehlsfolgen verwenden, um einfache Aufgaben auf der Befehlszeile zu lösen
* die Shell-Umgebung verwenden und anpassen, etwa um Umgebungsvariablen zu definieren, zu verwenden und zu exportieren
* die Befehlshistorie verwenden und ändern
* Befehle innerhalb und außerhalb des definierten Suchpfads aufrufen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Textströme mit Filtern verarbeiten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Filter auf Textströme anzuwenden.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Textdateien und Ausgabeströme durch Textfilter schicken, um die Ausgabe mit Standard-UNIX-Befehle aus dem GNU-textutils-Paket zu verändern

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Grundlegende Dateiverwaltung====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die grundlegenden Linux-Befehle zur Verwaltung von Dateien und Verzeichnissen zu verwenden.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* einzelne Dateien und Verzeichnisse kopieren, verschieben und entfernen
* mehrere Dateien kopieren und Verzeichnisse rekursiv kopieren
* Dateien entfernen und Verzeichnisse rekursiv entfernen
* einfache und fortgeschrittene Dateinamen-Suchmuster in Befehlen verwenden
* find verwenden, um Dateien auf der Basis ihres Typs, ihrer Größe oder ihrer Zeitstempel zu finden und zu bearbeiten
* tar, cpio und dd verwenden

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Ströme, Pipes und Umleitungen verwenden====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Ströme umzuleiten und zu verbinden, um Textdaten effizient zu verarbeiten. Zu diesen Aufgaben gehören das Umleiten der Standardeingabe, Standardausgabe und Standardfehlerausgabe, das Weiterleiten der Ausgabe eines Befehls an die Eingabe eines anderen Befehlss, die Verwendung der Ausgabe eines Befehls als Argumente für ein anderes Befehl und das Senden der Ausgabe sowohl an die Standardausgabe als auch an eine Datei.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Umleiten der Standardeingabe, Standardausgabe und Standardfehlerausgabe
* Weiterleiten der Ausgabe eines Befehls an die Eingabe eines anderen Befehls (Pipe)
* Verwenden der Ausgabe eines Befehls als Argumente für ein anderes Befehl
* Senden der Ausgabe sowohl an die Standardausgabe als auch an eine Datei

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Prozesse erzeugen, überwachen und beenden====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten die einfache Prozessverwaltung beherrschen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Jobs im Vordergrund und im Hintergrund ablaufen lassen
* einem Programm signalisieren, dass es nach dem Abmelden weiterlaufen soll
* aktive Prozesse beobachten
* Prozesse zur Ausgabe auswählen und sortieren
* Signale an Prozesse schicken

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Prozess-Ausführungsprioritäten ändern====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die Ausführungsprioritäten von Prozessen zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* die Standardpriorität eines neu erzeugten Jobs kennen
* ein Programm mit einer höheren oder niedrigeren Priorität als im Normalfall laufen lassen
* die Priorität eines laufenden Prozesses ändern

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Textdateien mit regulären Ausdrücken durchsuchen====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Dateien und Textdaten mit regulären Ausdrücken zu manipulieren. Dieses Lernziel umfasst etwa die Erstellung einfacher regulärer Ausdrücke, die mehrere Beschreibungselemente enthalten. Es umfasst ebenfalls den Einsatz von Werkzeugen, die reguläre Ausdrücke zum Durchsuchen eines Dateisystems oder von Dateiinhalten verwenden.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* einfache reguläre Ausdrücke mit mehreren Beschreibungselementen erstellen
* den Unterschied zwischen grundlegenden und erweiterten regulären Ausdrücken verstehen
* Verstehen der Konzepte von Sonderzeichen, Zeichenklassen, Quantifizierern und Ankern
* Werkzeuge verwenden, die mit regulären Ausdrücken Dateisysteme oder Dateiinhalte durchsuchen
* reguläre Ausdrücke verwenden um Text zu löschen, ändern oder zu substituieren und arbeiten mit Bereichen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Grundlegendes Editieren von Dateien====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Textdateien mit dem vi zu editieren. Dieses Lernziel umfasst vi-Navigation, grundlegende vi-Modi, Einfügen,
Ändern, Löschen, Kopieren und Finden von Text. Es beinhaltet außerdem auch die Kenntnis von anderen gebräuchlichen Editoren und das Setzen des Default-Editors.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* mit vi in einem Dokument navigieren
* verstehen und verwenden der vi-Modi
* in vi Text einfügen, ändern, löschen, kopieren und finden
* Kenntnis von Emacs, nano und vim
* Den Standardeditor festlegen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Thema 104: Geräte, Linux-Dateisysteme, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Partitionen und Dateisysteme anlegen====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Plattenpartitionen zu konfigurieren und danach Dateisysteme auf Medien wie Festplatten anzulegen. Dies umfasst auch den Umgang mit Swap-Partitionen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* MBR- und GPT-Partitionstabellen verwalten
* verschiedene mkfs-Befehle verwenden, um Partitionen zu installieren und verschiedene Dateisysteme anzulegen wie:
** ext2, ext3, ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Wissen über grundlegende Btrfs-Features, wie Multigeräte-Dateisysteme, Kompression und Subvolumen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Die Integrität von Dateisystemen sichern====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, ein Standarddateisystem und die zusätzlichen Daten eines Journaling-Dateisystems zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* die Integrität von Dateisystemen überprüfen
* freien Platz und verfügbare Inodes überwachen
* einfache Probleme von Dateisystemen reparieren

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Das Mounten und Unmounten von Dateisystemen steuern====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, das Mounten eines Dateisystems zu konfigurieren.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Dateisysteme manuell mounten und unmounten
* das Mounten von Dateisystemen beim Systemstart konfigurieren
* von Benutzern mountbare Wechseldateisysteme konfigurieren
* Verwendung von Labels und UUIDs zur Identifikation gemounteter Dateisysteme
* Kenntnis der systemd mount units

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Entfernt====

 

====104.5 Dateizugriffsrechte und -eigentümerschaft verwalten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Dateizugriffe durch angemessenen Einsatz von Rechten und Eigentümerschaft zu steuern.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Zugriffsrechte für reguläre und besondere Dateien sowie Verzeichnisse verwalten
* Zugriffsmodi wie SUID, SGID und das Sticky Bit verwenden, um die Sicherheit aufrechtzuerhalten
* wissen, wie man die umask ändert
* das Gruppenfeld verwenden, um Gruppenmitgliedern Dateizugriff zu erteilen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Symbolische und Hardlinks anlegen und ändern====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, symbolische und Hardlinks auf eine Datei anzulegen und zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Links anlegen
* symbolische und/oder Hardlinks identifizieren
* Dateien kopieren vs. verlinken
* Links verwenden, um Systemadministrationsaufgaben zu unterstützen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Systemdateien finden und Dateien am richtigen Ort plazieren====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten mit dem Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) vertraut sein und typische Dateiorte und Verzeichnisklassifizierungen kennen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* die korrekten Orte von Dateien unter dem FHS kennen
* Dateien und Befehle auf einem Linux-System finden
* den Ort und den Zweck wichtiger Dateien und Verzeichnisse gemäß dem FHS kennen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

=Lernziele: Prüfung 102=

===''Thema 105: Shells und Shell-Skripte''===

====105.1 Die Shell-Umgebung anpassen und verwenden====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Shell-Umgebungen an die Anforderungen der Benutzer anzupassen. Sie sollten ebenfalls in der Lage sein, globale und nutzerindividuelle Voreinstellungen zu ändern.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Umgebungsvariable (etwa PATH) beim Anmelden oder Erzeugen einer neuen Shell setzen
* Bash-Funktionen für häufig gebrauchte Befehlsfolgen schreiben
* Skelettverzeichnisse für neue Benutzerkonten pflegen
* den Befehl-Suchpfad mit den richtigen Verzeichnissen setzen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Einfache Skripte anpassen oder schreiben====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, existierende Skripte anzupassen oder einfache neue Bash-Skripte zu schreiben.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Standard-sh-Syntax verwenden (Schleifen, Fallunterscheidungen)
* Befehlssubstitution verwenden
* Rückgabewerte auf Erfolg, Misserfolg oder andere von einem Programm gelieferte Informationen prüfen
* verkettete Befehle ausführen
* situationsabhängig E-Mail an den Superuser senden
* den richtigen Skript-Interpreter über die Shebangzeile (#!) wählen
* den Ort, die Eigentümerschaft, die Ausführungs- und SUID-Rechte von Skripten verwalten

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Thema 106: Benutzerschnittstellen und Desktops''===

====106.1 X11 installieren und konfigurieren====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, X11 zu installieren und zu konfigurieren.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* verstehen der X11-Architektur
* grundlegendes Verständnis der X-Window-Konfigurationsdatei
* überschreiben grundlegender Aspekte der Xorg-Konfiguration, wie etwa das Tastatur-Layout
* verstehen der Komponenten von Desktop-Umgebungen, wie display manager und window manager
* verwalten des Zugriffs auf den X-Server und anzeigen von Anwendungen, die auf entfernten Servern laufen
* Kenntnis von Wayland

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Grafische Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten gängige Desktops für Linux kennen. Weiterhin sollten sie Protokolle kennen, die zum Zugriff auf entfernte Desktopsitzungen verwendet werden.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Kenntnis gängiger Desktopumgebungen
* Kenntnis von Protokollen zum Zugriff auf Remotedesktopsitzungen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Barrierefreiheit====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten Wissen über assistive Techniken demostrieren können.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Grundwissen bezüglich visueller Einstellungen und Themes
* Grundwissen bezüglich assistiver Techniken

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* Desktop-Themen mit hohem Kontrast oder großer Schrift
* Screenreader
* Braillezeilen
* Bildschirmlupe
* Bildschirmtastatur
* »klebrige« und Wiederholungstasten
* langsame, Bounce- und Umschalt-Tasten
* Maustasten
* Gesten
* Spracherkennung

 

===''Thema 107: Administrative Aufgaben''===

====107.1 Benutzer- und Gruppenkonten und dazugehörige Systemdateien verwalten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Benutzerkonten hinzuzufügen, zu entfernen, vorübergehend zu deaktivieren und zu verändern.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Benutzer und Gruppen hinzufügen, ändern und entfernen
* Benutzer- und Gruppeninformationen in password/group-Datenbanken verwalten
* spezielle und beschränkte Konten anlegen und verwalten

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Systemadministrationsaufgaben durch Einplanen von Jobs automatisieren====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, cron oder systemd-Timer zu verwenden, um Jobs in regelmäßigen Abständen auszuführen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* cron- und at-Jobs verwalten
* Zugriffsrechte auf die Dienste cron und at konfigurieren
* systemd-Timer-Units verstehen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Lokalisierung und Internationalisierung====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, ein System in einer anderen Sprache als Englisch zu lokalisieren. Dazu gehört auch das Verständnis dafür, warum LANG=C in Shell-Skripten nützlich ist.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* konfigurieren der locale-Einstellungen und Umgebungsvariablen
* konfigurieren von Zeitzonen-Einstellungen und Umgebungsvariablen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Thema 108: Grundlegende Systemdienste''===

====108.1 Die Systemzeit verwalten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die Systemzeit korrekt zu halten und die Uhr mittels NTP zu synchronisieren.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Systemzeit und -datum setzen
* die Hardwareuhr auf die korrekte Zeit in UTC setzen

* die korrekte Zeitzone einstellen
* grundlegende NTP-Konfiguration unter Verwendung von ntpd und chrony
* Wissen über den Gebrauch von pool.ntp.org
* Kenntnis des ntpq-Befehls

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 Systemprotokollierung====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, rsyslog zu konfigurieren. Dieses Lernziel umfasst auch die Konfiguration des Logging-Daemons für den Versand von Logmeldungen an einen zentralen Protokollserver oder das Annehmen von Logmeldungen als zentraler Protokollserver. Die Verwendung des systemd-Journalsubsystems ist einbezogen. Außerdem sind Kenntnisse über syslog und syslog-ng als alternative Logging-Systeme erforderlich.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Basiskonfiguration von rsyslog
* verstehen von Standard-Facilities, -prioritäten und -aktionen
* abfragen des systemd-Journals
* filtern des systemd-Journals nach Kriterien, wie Datum, Service oder Priorität
* konfigurieren der systemd-Speicherung und Journalgröße
* löschen alter systemd-Journaleinträge
* abrufen von systemd-Journaldaten von einem Rettungssystem aus oder einer Kopie aus dem Dateisystem
* verstehen der Interaktion von rsyslog mit dem systemd-Journal
* Konfiguration von logrotate
* Kenntnis von syslog und syslog-ng

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Grundlagen von Mail Transfer Agents (MTA)====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten wissen, welche gebräuchlichen MTA-Programme existieren, und einfache Weiterleitungs- und Alias-Konfigurationen auf einem Client-Rechner einstellen können. Weitere Konfigurationsdateien werden nicht abgedeckt.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* E-Mail-Aliase erstellen
* E-Mail-Weiterleitung konfigurieren
* Kenntnis von allgemein verfügbaren MTA-Programmen (Postfix, Sendmail, Exim) (keine Konfiguration)

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* ~/.forward
* Befehle der Sendmail-Emulationsschicht
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Drucker und Druckvorgänge verwalten====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Druckerwarteschlangen und Druckaufträge von Benutzern mit CUPS und der LPD-Kompatibilitätsschnittstelle zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* grundlegende CUPS-Konfiguration (für lokale und entfernte Drucker)
* Benutzer-Druckerwarteschlangen verwalten
* allgemeine Druckprobleme lösen
* Druckaufträge zu eingerichteten Druckerwarteschlangen hinzufügen und daraus löschen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* CUPS-Konfigurationsdateien, -Werkzeuge und -Hilfsprogramme
* /etc/cups/
* LPD-Kompatibilitätsschnittstelle (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Thema 109: Netzwerkgrundlagen''===

====109.1 Grundlagen von Internetprotokollen====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten ein angemessenes Verständnis der Grundlagen von TCP/IP-Netzen demonstrieren können.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Verständnis von Netzmasken und der CIDR-Notation
* Wissen über die Unterschiede zwischen privaten und öffentlichen Dotted-Quad-IP-Adressen
* Wissen über gängige TCP- und UDP-Ports (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995)
* Wissen über die Unterschiede und wesentlichen Eigenschaften von UDP, TCP und ICMP
* Wissen über die wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen IPv4 und IPv6
* Wissen über die grundlegenden Eigenschaften von IPv6

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistente Netzwerkkonfiguration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, die persistente Netzwerkkonfiguration auf einem Linux-Host zu verwalten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* verstehen der grundlegenden TCP/IP-Hostkonfiguration
* Netzwerkkonfiguration mithilfe von NetworkManager
* Kenntnis von systemd-networkd

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Grundlegende Netzwerkfehlerbehebung====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, Netzwerkprobleme auf Client-Rechnern zu lösen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Netzwerkschnittstellen manuell konfigurieren, einschließlich einsehen und ändern der Konfiguration mittels iproute2
* Manuelle Konfiguration des Routing, einschließlich einsehen und ändern von Routingtabellen und der Standardroute mittels iproute2
* beheben von Problemen, die mit der Netzwerkkonfiguration in Zusammenhang stehen
* Kenntnis der legacy-Befehle der net-tools

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Clientseitiges DNS konfigurieren====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten in der Lage sein, DNS auf einem Client-Rechner einzurichten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* entfernte DNS-Server abfragen
* konfigurieren der lokalen Namensauflösung und verwenden entfernter DNSServer
* die Reihenfolge der Namensauflösung ändern
* beheben von Fehlern, die mit der Namensauflösung in Zusammenhang stehen
* Kenntnis von systemd-resolved

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Thema 110: Sicherheit''===

====110.1 Administrationsaufgaben für Sicherheit durchführen====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten wissen, wie sie die Systemkonfiguration prüfen, um die Sicherheit des Rechners in Übereinstimmung mit örtlichen Sicherheitsrichtlinien zu gewährleisten.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* ein System nach Dateien mit gesetztem SUID/SGID-Bit durchsuchen
* Benutzerkennwörter und den Verfall von Kennwörtern setzen oder ändern
* mit nmap und netstat offene Ports auf einem System finden
* Grenzen für Benutzeranmeldungen, Prozesse und Speicherverbrauch setzen
* feststellen, welche Benutzer an einem System angemeldet waren oder sind
* grundlegende Konfiguration und Gebrauch von sudo

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Einen Rechner absichern====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Kandidaten sollten wissen, wie sie eine grundlegende Rechnersicherheit konfigurieren können.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* Kenntnisse über Shadow-Passwörter und wie sie funktionieren
* nicht verwendete Netzdienste abschalten
* die Rolle der TCP-Wrapper verstehen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Daten durch Verschlüsselung schützen====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Gewichtung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Beschreibung'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Der Kandidat sollte in der Lage sein, Public-Key-Techniken zum Schutz von Daten und Kommunikation einzusetzen.

|}

'''Hauptwissensgebiete:'''

* einen OpenSSH-2-Client grundlegend konfigurieren und verwenden
* die Rolle von OpenSSH-2-Rechnerschlüsseln verstehen
* GnuPG grundlegend konfigurieren und verwenden
* GPG verwenden um Dateien zu verschlüsseln, entschlüsseln, signieren und zu überprüfen
* SSH-Port-Tunnel (inklusive X11-Tunnel) verstehen

'''Hier ist eine auszugsweise Liste der verwendeten Dateien, Begriffe und Hilfsprogramme:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa und id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa und id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa und id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 und id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key und ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key und ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key und ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key und ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Pläne für künftige Änderungen==

Künftige Änderungen zu diesen Lernzielen werden/können umfassen:

* ifup/ifdown und net-tools legacy-Befehle entfernen
* TCP-Wrapper entfernen

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:48:13Z

Duven: /* 102.1 102.1 Diseño del esquema de particionado del disco duro duro */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a lo largo del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Comprobar los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / objetivo de arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''
* Establecer el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo monousuario.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar procesos de forma adecuada.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 102.1 Diseño del esquema de particionado del disco duro duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''

* Asignar sistemas de archivos y espacio de intercambio a particiones o discos separados.
* Adaptar el diseño al uso previsto del sistema.
* Asegurar de que la partición /boot cumple los requisitos de la arquitectura de hardware para el arranque.
* Conocimiento de las características básicas de LVM.

'''Lista parcial de archivos, términos y utilidades:'''

* Sistema de archivos / (raíz)
* Sistema de archivos /var
* Sistema de archivos /home
* Sistema de archivos /boot
* Partición del sistema EFI (ESP)
* Espacio de intercambio (swap)
* Puntos de montaje
* Particiones

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:47:37Z

Duven: /* 102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a lo largo del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Comprobar los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / objetivo de arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''
* Establecer el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo monousuario.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar procesos de forma adecuada.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 102.1 Diseño del esquema de particionado del disco duro duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''

* Asignar sistemas de archivos y espacio de intercambio a particiones o discos separados.
* Adaptar el diseño al uso previsto del sistema.
* Asegúrese de que la partición /boot cumple los requisitos de la arquitectura de hardware para el arranque.
* Conocimiento de las características básicas de LVM.

'''Lista parcial de archivos, términos y utilidades:'''

* Sistema de archivos / (raíz)
* Sistema de archivos /var
* Sistema de archivos /home
* Sistema de archivos /boot
* Partición del sistema EFI (ESP)
* Espacio de intercambio (swap)
* Puntos de montaje
* Particiones

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:41:11Z

Duven: /* 101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a lo largo del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Comprobar los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / objetivo de arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave: '''
* Establecer el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo monousuario.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar procesos de forma adecuada.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:37:16Z

Duven: /* 101.2 Arranque del sistema */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a lo largo del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Comprobar los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:34:13Z

Duven: /* 101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''Lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:32:15Z

Duven: /* 101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

'''Áreas de conocimiento clave:'''

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:30:30Z

Duven: /* Traducción de los objetivos= */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

"Áreas clave de conocimiento:

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:29:42Z

Duven: /* Exámenes */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para obtener la certificación [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

"Áreas clave de conocimiento:

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:28:25Z

Duven: /* Información de la versión */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La objetivos [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|de la versión 4.x]] pueden encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

"Áreas clave de conocimiento:

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:27:01Z

Duven: /* Información de la versión */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de los objetivos de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

"Áreas clave de conocimiento:

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:26:01Z

Duven: /* Información de la versión */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos corresponden a la versión 5.0

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

"Áreas clave de conocimiento:

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T20:23:33Z

Duven:

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Información de la versión==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Apéndices==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectivos: Examen 101==

===''Tema 101: Arquitectura del Sistema''===

====101.1 Determinar y configurar los ajustes de hardware====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de determinar y configurar el hardware fundamental del sistema.

|}

"Áreas clave de conocimiento:

* Activar y desactivar los periféricos integrados.
* Diferenciar entre los distintos tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo.
* Determinar los recursos de hardware para los dispositivos.
* Herramientas y utilidades para listar información de hardware (por ejemplo, lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Herramientas y utilidades para manipular dispositivos USB.
* Conocimientos conceptuales de sysfs, udev y dbus.

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Arranque del sistema====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de guiar el sistema a través del proceso de arranque.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave'''

* Proporcionar comandos comunes al gestor de arranque y opciones al kernel en el momento del arranque.
* Demostrar conocimiento de la secuencia de arranque desde BIOS/UEFI hasta la finalización del arranque.
* Comprensión de SysVinit y systemd.
* Conocimiento de Upstart.
* Compruebe los eventos de arranque en los archivos de registro.

'''Lo siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Cambiar los niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque y apagar o reiniciar el sistema ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de gestionar el nivel de ejecución de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd del sistema. Este objetivo incluye cambiar al modo de usuario único, apagar o reiniciar el sistema. Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución / arranque y terminar adecuadamente los procesos. Este objetivo también incluye establecer el nivel de ejecución predeterminado de SysVinit o el objetivo de arranque systemd. También incluye el conocimiento de Upstart como una alternativa a SysVinit o systemd.

|}

'''Conocimientos clave:'''
* Establezca el nivel de ejecución o el objetivo de arranque predeterminado.
* Cambiar entre niveles de ejecución / objetivos de arranque, incluido el modo de usuario único.
* Apagar y reiniciar desde la línea de comandos.
* Alertar a los usuarios antes de cambiar de nivel de ejecución/objetivo de arranque u otros eventos importantes del sistema.
* Terminar adecuadamente los procesos.
* Conocimiento de acpid.

(No estoy seguro de la traduccion de "boot targets" - objetivos de arranque)

'''La siguiente es una lista parcial de los archivos, términos y utilidades utilizados:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Tema 102: Instalación de Linux y gestión de paquetes''===

====102.1 Diseño de la distribución del disco duro====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Importancia'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Descripción'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Los candidatos deberán ser capaces de diseñar un esquema de particionado de disco para un sistema Linux.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
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'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:58:34Z

Duven: /* Traducción de Objetivos= */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Traducción de los objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:58:10Z

Duven: /* Translations of Objectives */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Traducción de Objetivos===

Las siguientes traducciones de los objetivos están disponibles en este wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalán)|Catalán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|Inglés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|Francés]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|Alemán]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Griego]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japonés]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portugués(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portugués(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Ruso]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Castellano-Español]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Suahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Sueco]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turco]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:55:30Z

Duven: /* Exámenes */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [[ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Translations of Objectives==

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalan)|Catalan]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|English]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|French]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|German]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Greek]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japanese]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portuguese(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portuguese(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Russian]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Spanish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Swahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Swedish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turkish]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:53:19Z

Duven: /* Exams */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exámenes==

Para certificarse [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], el candidato debe aprobar los exámenes [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] y [ LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]].

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Translations of Objectives==

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalan)|Catalan]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|English]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|French]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|German]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Greek]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japanese]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portuguese(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portuguese(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Russian]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Spanish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Swahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Swedish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turkish]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:52:03Z

Duven: /* Version Information */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|resumen e información detallada]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objetivos]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exams==

In order to be certified [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], the candidate must pass both the [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] and [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]] exams.

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Translations of Objectives==

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalan)|Catalan]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|English]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|French]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|German]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Greek]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japanese]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portuguese(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portuguese(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Russian]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Spanish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Swahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Swedish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turkish]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:51:22Z

Duven: /* Version Information */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

Estos objetivos son la versión 5.0.

También hay un [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|summary and detailed information]] sobre los cambios de la versión 4.0 a la 5.0 de los objetivos.

La versión [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objectives]] puede encontrarse [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|aquí]].

 

==Exams==

In order to be certified [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], the candidate must pass both the [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] and [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]] exams.

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Translations of Objectives==

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalan)|Catalan]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|English]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|French]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|German]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Greek]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japanese]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portuguese(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portuguese(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Russian]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Spanish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Swahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Swedish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turkish]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers

LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)

2018-11-23T19:49:34Z

Duven: /* Introduction */

__FORCETOC__
==Introducción==

Este es un examen requerido para la certificación LPIC-1 o LPI Nivel 1. Cubre las habilidades básicas para el profesional de Linux que son comunes en todas las distribuciones de Linux.

Esta página cubre el objetivo actualmente publicado para la certificación LPIC-1.

 

==Version Information==

These objectives are version 5.0.

There is also a [[LPIC-1_Summary_Version_4.0_To_5.0|summary and detailed information]] on the changes from version 4.0 to 5.0 of the objectives.

The version [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|4.x objectives]] can be found [[LPIC-1_Objectives_V4|here]].

 

==Exams==

In order to be certified [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|LPIC-1]], the candidate must pass both the [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 101|101]] and [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0#Objectives: Exam 102|102]] exams.

* [[#Objectives: Exam 101|101]]
* [[#Objectives: Exam 102|102]]

==Addenda==

 

==Translations of Objectives==

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Catalan)|Catalan]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0|English]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(FR)|French]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(DE)|German]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(Greek)|Greek]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(JA)|Japanese]].
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-PT)|Portuguese(Portugal)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(PT-BR)|Portuguese(Brasil)]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(RU)|Russian]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(ES)|Spanish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SW)|Swahili]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(SV)|Swedish]]
* [[LPIC-1 Objectives V5.0(TR)|Turkish]]

 

==Objectives: Exam 101==

===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===

====101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
* Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
* Determine hardware resources for devices.
* Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.).
* Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices.
* Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev and dbus.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /sys/
* /proc/
* /dev/
* modprobe
* lsmod
* lspci
* lsusb

 

====101.2 Boot the system====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS/UEFI to boot completion.
* Understanding of SysVinit and systemd.
* Awareness of Upstart.
* Check boot events in the log files.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* dmesg
* journalctl
* BIOS
* UEFI
* bootloader
* kernel
* initramfs
* init
* SysVinit
* systemd

 

====101.3 Change runlevels / boot targets and shutdown or reboot system ====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default SysVinit runlevel or systemd boot target. It also includes awareness of Upstart as an alternative to SysVinit or systemd.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the default runlevel or boot target.
* Change between runlevels / boot targets including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels / boot targets or other major system events.
* Properly terminate processes.
* Awareness of acpid.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/inittab
* shutdown
* init
* /etc/init.d/
* telinit
* systemd
* systemctl
* /etc/systemd/
* /usr/lib/systemd/
* wall

 

===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===

====102.1 Design hard disk layout====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
* Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* / (root) filesystem
* /var filesystem
* /home filesystem
* /boot filesystem
* EFI System Partition (ESP)
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions

 

====102.2 Install a boot manager====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
* Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
* Interact with the boot loader.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* menu.lst, grub.cfg and grub.conf
* grub-install
* grub-mkconfig
* MBR

 

====102.3 Manage shared libraries====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Identify shared libraries.
* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ldd
* ldconfig
* /etc/ld.so.conf
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH

 

====102.4 Use Debian package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
* Awareness of apt.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/apt/sources.list
* dpkg
* dpkg-reconfigure
* apt-get
* apt-cache

 

====102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM, YUM and Zypper.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM, YUM and Zypper.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
* Awareness of dnf.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* rpm
* rpm2cpio
* /etc/yum.conf
* /etc/yum.repos.d/
* yum
* zypper

 

====102.6 Linux as a virtualization guest====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should understand the implications of virtualization and cloud computing on a Linux guest system.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the general concept of virtual machines and containers
* Understand common elements virtual machines in an IaaS cloud, such as computing instances, block storage and networking
* Understand unique properties of a Linux system which have to changed when a system is cloned or used as a template
* Understand how system images are used to deploy virtual machines, cloud instances and containers
* Understand Linux extensions which integrate Linux with a virtualization product
* Awareness of cloud-init

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* Virtual machine
* Linux container
* Application container
* Guest drivers
* SSH host keys
* D-Bus machine id

 

===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===

====103.1 Work on the command line====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the Bash shell.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bash
* echo
* env
* export
* pwd
* set
* unset
* type
* which
* man
* uname
* history
* .bash_history
* Quoting

 

====103.2 Process text streams using filters====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* bzcat
* cat
* cut
* head
* less
* md5sum
* nl
* od
* paste
* sed
* sha256sum
* sha512sum
* sort
* split
* tail
* tr
* uniq
* wc
* xzcat
* zcat

 

====103.3 Perform basic file management====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* cp
* find
* mkdir
* mv
* ls
* rm
* rmdir
* touch
* tar
* cpio
* dd
* file
* gzip
* gunzip
* bzip2
* bunzip2
* xz
* unxz
* file globbing

 

====103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* tee
* xargs

 
====103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.
* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* &
* bg
* fg
* jobs
* kill
* nohup
* ps
* top
* free
* uptime
* pgrep
* pkill
* killall
* watch
* screen
* tmux

 

====103.6 Modify process execution priorities====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.
* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
* Change the priority of a running process.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* nice
* ps
* renice
* top

 

====103.7 Search text files using regular expressions====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements as well as understanding the differences between basic and extended regular expressions. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
* Understand the differences between basic and extended regular expressions.
* Understand the concepts of special characters, character classes, quantifiers and anchors.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
* Use regular expressions to delete, change and substitute text.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* grep
* egrep
* fgrep
* sed
* regex(7)

 

====103.8 Basic file editing====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text. It also includes awareness of other common editors and setting the default editor.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Navigate a document using vi.
* Understand and use vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text in vi.
* Awareness of Emacs, nano and vim.
* Configure the standard editor.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* vi
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!
* EDITOR

 

===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===

====104.1 Create partitions and filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage MBR and GPT partition tables
* Use various mkfs commands to create various filesystems such as:
** ext2/ext3/ext4
** XFS
** VFAT
** exFAT
* Basic feature knowledge of Btrfs, including multi-device filesystems, compression and subvolumes.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* fdisk
* gdisk
* parted
* mkfs
* mkswap

 

====104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.
* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* du
* df
* fsck
* e2fsck
* mke2fs
* tune2fs
* xfs_repair
* xfs_fsr
* xfs_db

 

====104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
* Use of labels and UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems.
* Awareness of systemd mount units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/fstab
* /media/
* mount
* umount
* blkid
* lsblk

 

====104.4 Removed====

 

====104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* chmod
* umask
* chown
* chgrp

 
====104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or soft links.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ln
* ls

 

====104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* locate
* updatedb
* whereis
* which
* type
* /etc/updatedb.conf

 

==Objectives: Exam 102==

===''Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting''===

====105.1 Customize and use the shell environment====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
* Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
* Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
* Set command search path with the proper directory.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* .
* source
* /etc/bash.bashrc
* /etc/profile
* env
* export
* set
* unset
* ~/.bash_profile
* ~/.bash_login
* ~/.profile
* ~/.bashrc
* ~/.bash_logout
* function
* alias

 

====105.2 Customize or write simple scripts====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
* Use command substitution.
* Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
* Execute chained commands.
* Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
* Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
* Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* for
* while
* test
* if
* read
* seq
* exec
* ||
* &&

 

===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===

====106.1 Install and configure X11====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understanding of the X11 architecture.
* Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
* Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
* Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
* Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
* Awareness of Wayland.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/X11/xorg.conf
* /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
* ~/.xsession-errors
* xhost
* xauth
* DISPLAY
* X

 

====106.2 Graphical Desktops====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of major desktop environments
* Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* KDE
* Gnome
* Xfce
* X11
* XDMCP
* VNC
* Spice
* RDP

 

====106.3 Accessibility====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
* Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
* Screen Reader.
* Braille Display.
* Screen Magnifier.
* On-Screen Keyboard.
* Sticky/Repeat keys.
* Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
* Mouse keys.
* Gestures.
* Voice recognition.

 

===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===

====107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Add, modify and remove users and groups.
* Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
* Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /etc/skel/
* chage
* getent
* groupadd
* groupdel
* groupmod
* passwd
* useradd
* userdel
* usermod

 

====107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manage cron and at jobs.
* Configure user access to cron and at services.
* Understand systemd timer units.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
* /etc/at.deny
* /etc/at.allow
* /etc/crontab
* /etc/cron.allow
* /etc/cron.deny
* /var/spool/cron/
* crontab
* at
* atq
* atrm
* systemctl
* systemd-run

 

====107.3 Localisation and internationalisation====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Configure locale settings and environment variables.
* Configure timezone settings and environment variables.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* LC_*
* LC_ALL
* LANG
* TZ
* /usr/bin/locale
* tzselect
* timedatectl
* date
* iconv
* UTF-8
* ISO-8859
* ASCII
* Unicode

 

===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===

====108.1 Maintain system time====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Set the system date and time.
* Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
* Configure the correct timezone.
* Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
* Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
* Awareness of the ntpq command.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /usr/share/zoneinfo/
* /etc/timezone
* /etc/localtime
* /etc/ntp.conf
* /etc/chrony.conf
* date
* hwclock
* timedatectl
* ntpd
* ntpdate
* chronyc
* pool.ntp.org

 

====108.2 System logging====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic configuration of rsyslog.
* Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
* Query the systemd journal.
* Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority
* Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size
* Delete old systemd journal data
* Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy
* Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald
* Configuration of logrotate.
* Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/rsyslog.conf
* /var/log/
* logger
* logrotate
* /etc/logrotate.conf
* /etc/logrotate.d/
* journalctl
* systemd-cat
* /etc/systemd/journald.conf
* /var/log/journal/

 

====108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Create e-mail aliases.
* Configure e-mail forwarding.
* Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration)

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ~/.forward
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* newaliases
* mail
* mailq
* postfix
* sendmail
* exim

 

====108.4 Manage printers and printing====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
* Manage user print queues.
* Troubleshoot general printing problems.
* Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
* /etc/cups/
* lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

 

===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===

====109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
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| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
* Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
* Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
* Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
* Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
* Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/services
* IPv4, IPv6
* Subnetting
* TCP, UDP, ICMP

 

====109.2 Persistent network configuration====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration
* Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager
* Awareness of systemd-networkd

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hostname
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* /etc/resolv.conf
* nmcli
* hostnamectl
* ifup
* ifdown

 

====109.3 Basic network troubleshooting====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
* Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
* Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
* Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ip
* hostname
* ss
* ping
* ping6
* traceroute
* traceroute6
* tracepath
* tracepath6
* netcat
* ifconfig
* netstat
* route

 

====109.4 Configure client side DNS====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Query remote DNS servers.
* Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
* Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
* Debug errors related to name resolution.
* Awareness of systemd-resolved

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/hosts
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/nsswitch.conf
* host
* dig
* getent

 

===''Topic 110: Security''===

====110.1 Perform security administration tasks====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
* Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
* Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
* Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
* Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
* Basic sudo configuration and usage.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* find
* passwd
* fuser
* lsof
* nmap
* chage
* netstat
* sudo
* /etc/sudoers
* su
* usermod
* ulimit
* who, w, last

 

====110.2 Setup host security====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
* Turn off network services not in use.
* Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* /etc/nologin
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/xinetd.d/
* /etc/xinetd.conf
* systemd.socket
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny

 

====110.3 Securing data with encryption====

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| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Weight'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Description'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

|}

'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''

* Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
* Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
* Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
* Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
* Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''

* ssh
* ssh-keygen
* ssh-agent
* ssh-add
* ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
* ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
* /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* ssh_known_hosts
* gpg
* gpg-agent
* ~/.gnupg/

==Future Change Considerations==

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

* Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
* Remove TCP wrappers