LPI Wiki - User contributions [en]

LinuxEssentials(TR)

2012-11-02T14:20:18Z

Ismail.yenigul: /* 5.3 Dosya izinlerini ve haklarını tanımlama */

__FORCETOC__
==Giriş==
[[LinuxEssentials]] programına ait tüm açıklamalar [[LinuxBasics(TR)|burada]] listelenmiştir.

Linux Essentials sertifika sınavının amacı masa üstü ve mobil cihazlardaki Linux işletim sistemini kullanabilecek kadar temel bilgi sahibi olması hedeflenmektedir. Linux Essentials programı bilişim sektörü bağlamında Linux ve Açık Kod kullanımını teşvik etmek için rehberlik yapacaktır.

==SSS==

Linux Essentials programı ve sınav ile ilgili sorular ve cevapları [[LinuxEssentials/FAQs|burada]] listelenmiştir.

==Minimal Nitelikli Aday Tanımlaması==

Bu açıklama LPI giriş sınavını geçebilecek kadar bilgiye sahip olması gereken adayları tanımlamaktadır.
Bu kişi Minimal Nitelikli Aday (Minimally Qualified Candidate, MQC) olarak isimlendirilmektedir.
Linux giriş sınavı standartları minimum şartları içerdiği için bu şartlara sahip olanlar sınavı geçebilmeli,
bu bilgi seviyesinden daha aşağı olanlar sınavı geçememelidir.

Başarılı bir aday Linux ve Açık kod dünyasını anlamalı ve popüper açık kod uygulamaları konusunda bilgi sahibi olmalıdır.
Aday Linux işletim sisteminin en önemli bileşenlerini kavramalı, linux komut satırında çalışabilecek teknik deneyime sahip olmalıdır. Kullanıcı / grup yönetimi gibi güvenlik ve yönetim ile ilgili konularda temel bilgi sahibi olmalıdır. Ayrıca komut satırı ve izinler hakkında da temel bilgi sahibi olmalıdır. Bir LPI Linux Essentials sertifika sahibi yönetilen sistemlerde genellikle son kullanıcı konumunda olacaktır.

Bir LPI Linux Essentials sertifika sahibinde genel olarak aşağıdaki kabiliyetler beklenmektedir:

* FOSS(Free and Open Source System), topluluklar ve lisanslama modelleri hakkında temel bilgi sahibi
* Proseslerin, programların ve işletim sistemi bileşenlerinin temel bileşenlerini anlar.
* Komut satırı ve dosyalar üzerinde çok temel işlemleri yapabilme yeteneği.
* Temel komut satırı editörlerini kullanabilir.
* Sistem güvenliği, şifreleme ve kullanıcı / gruplar ve dosya izinleri hakkında temel bir yorumu vardır.
* Sistemi ağ üzerinden erişilebilir hale getirebilmek için temel ağ bilgisi vardır.
* Piyasadaki açık kodlu uygulamaları bilmeli ve bunların kapalı kod eşdeğerlerini bilmeli.
* Masaüstünde navigasyon(dolaşım) sistemlerini bilmeli ve yardım için nereye bakacağını bilmeli.
* Komut satırında ve dosyalarda çalışabilecek temel bilgi sahibi olmalı
* Yedek alabilmeli ve yedekleri geri dönebilmeli
* Temel komut satırı düzenleme editörlerini kullanabilmeli
* Dosya sıkıştırmasını bilmeli

==Sürüm Bilgisi==
Buradaki hedefler 1.0 sürümüne aittir.
 

==Hedeflerin Tercümesi==
Bu wiki'de hedeflerin aşağıdaki dilllerde tercümesi bulunmaktadır.:

* [[LinuxEssentials|İngilizce]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(AR)|Arapça]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(FR)|Fransızca]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(DE)|Almanca]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(EL)|Yunanca]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(ES)|İspanyolca]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(IT)|İtalyanca]].
* [[LinuxEssentials(NL)|Hollandaca]].

==Hedefler==

===''Başlık 1: Açık Kod ve Linux topluluğuna katılma kariyeri (ağırlık: 7)''===
====1.1 Linux Gelişimi ve Popüler İşletim Sistemleri====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Linux Gelişmesi ve Ana Linux dağıtımları.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Açık Kod Felsefesi
* Dağıtımlar
* Gömülü Sistemler
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* Android
* Debian
* CentOS
 

====1.2 Büyük Açık Kod Uygulamaları====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Önemli uygulamalar ve kullanımlarını bilme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Masaüstü Uygulamaları
* Sunucu Uygulamaları
* Mobil Uygulamalar
* Geliştirme Dilleri
* Paket yönetim araçları ve depolar

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox.
* Blender, Gimp, Audacity, ImageMagick.
* Apache, MySQL, PostgreSQL.
* NFS, Samba, OpenLDAP, Postfix, DNS, DHCP.
* C, Java, Perl, shell, Python, PHP.
 

====1.3 Açık Kod Yazılımı ve Lisanlamayı Anlama====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Açık Kod topluluklar ve İş için Açık Kaynak Kod Lisanslama.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Lisanslama
* Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI).

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* GPL, BSD, Creative Commons
* Free Software, Open Software, FOSS, FLOSS
* Açık Kaynak Kod iş modeli

'''Bilinmesi Faydalı olanlar:'''

* Intellectual Property (IP): copyright, trademarks and patents.
* Apache License, Mozilla License.

====1.4 BİT yetenekleri ve Linux'de çalışma====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Temel Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri (BİT) yetenekleri ve Linux'de çalışma.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Masaüstü Yetenekleri
* Akademik ortamlarda kullanılan Açık Kaynak Uygulamaları
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* Tarayıcı kullanma, mahremiyet endişeleri, yapılandırma seçenekleri, internette arama ve içerikleri kaydetme
* Bulut bilişim
* Parola sorunları
* Gizlilik konuları ve araçlar
* Sunum ve projeler için yaygın açık kodlu uygulamaların kullanılması.
 
 

===''Başlık 2: Linux sistemlerde Yolunuzu Bulma (ağırlık: 8)''===

====2.1 Komut satırı Temelleri====

{|
| style="background:#dadada" |

'''Ağırlık'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |

'''Açıklama'''

| style="background:#eaeaea" |

Linux komut satırının temel kullanımı

|}

'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''

* Temel kabuk
* Komutları düzenleme
* Komut parametreleri ile çalışma
* Değişkenler.
* Globbing.
* Alıntı yapma(quoting).

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''

* echo.
* history.
* PATH env variable.
* export.
* which.

'''Bilinmesinde fayda olan konular:'''

* Değiştirmeler(Substitutions).
* ||, && ve ; kontrol operatörleri.

====2.2 Yardım komutları ve man sayfalarının kullanılması ====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" |Çeşitli yardım sistemlerinin incelenmesi .
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* man
* info
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* man
* info
* man sayfaları
* whatis
* /usr/share/doc
 
'''Bilinmesinde fayda olan konular''

* apropos, whatis, whereis.

====2.3 Dizinleri kullanma ve Dosyaları Listeleme====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Home ve sistem dizinlerini dolaşma, çeşitli yerlerdeki dosyaları listeleme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* dosyalar,dizinler
* Gizli dosya ve dizinler
* Home
* Tam ve göreceli yollar

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''

* yaygın ls parametreleri
* rekürsif listeleme
* cd .
* '''.''' and '''..'''.
* home ve ~.
 

====2.4 Dosya oluşturma,Taşıma ve Silme====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Home dizini altında dizin,dosya oluşturma, taşıma ve silme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* dosyalar, dizinler
* büyük/küçük harf duyarlılığı
* Temel globbing ve quoting.
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* mv, cp, rm, touch
* mkdir, rmdir

===''Başlık 3: Komut satırının Gücü (ağırlık: 10)''===

====3.1 Komut satırından dosya arşivleme====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Home dizinindeki dosyaları arşivleme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* dosyalar,dizinler
* arşi,sıkıştırma
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* tar.
* Yaygın tar parametreleri.
* gzip, bzip2.
* zip, unzip.
 

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan konular:'''

* Tüm arşivden sadece bir kaç dosyanın açılması

====3.2 Dosyalarda arama ve süzme====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Home dizinindeki dosyalarda arama ve süzme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Komut satırında parametre aktarımı(pipes).
* I/O yönlendirmesi
* Kısmi POSIX Düzenli ifadeleri(Regular Expressions) (., [ ], *, ?).

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''

* find.
* grep.
* less.
* cat, head, tail.
* sort.
* cut.
* wc.

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan konular:'''
* Kismi Temel POSIX Düzenli ifadeler ([^ ], ^, $).
* Kısmi Genişletilmiş POSIX Düzenli ifadeler (+, ( ), |).
* xargs.

====3.3 Komutları Scripte Çevirme====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Tekrar eden komutları script'e çevirme
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Temel dosya düzenleme
* Temel kabuk programlama

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* /bin/sh.
* Değişkenler.
* Parametreler.
* for döngüsü.
* echo.
* Exit değerleri
* Yaygın metin editörlerinin adı

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan konular:'''
* pico, nano, vi kullanımı(sadece script oluşturmak için gerekli temeller)
* Bash.
* if, while, case ifadeleri.
* read and test, and [ komutları.

===''Başlık 4: Linux İşletim Sistemi(Ağırlık: 8)''===

====4.1 Bir İşletim Sistemi seçimi====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Büyük Linux dağıtımları ve yaşam döngüleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olma.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Windows, Mac, Linux farkları
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* Arayüz(GUI) ile komut satırı karşılaştırması, masaüstü yapılandırması
* Bakım döngüleri, Beta ve Kararlı
 

====4.2 Bilgisayar Donanımlarını Tanıma====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Sunucu ve masaüstü kurmak için gerekli bileşenleri tanıma.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Donanım
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* Hard disk, disk bölümleri, anakartlar, işlemciler, güç kaynakları, optik sürücüler, çevri birimleri
* ekran türleri
* sürücüler
 

====4.3 Veriler nerde saklanır====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Linux'de çeşitli bilgiler nerede saklanır.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Çekirdek
* Prosesler
* syslog, klog, dmesg.
* /lib, /usr/lib, /etc, /var/log.

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* programlar,kütüphaneer,paketler ve paket veritabanı, sistem yapılandırması
* işlemciler, işlem tablosu, bellek adresleri, ssitem mesajları ve loglar
* ps,top,free
 

====4.4 Bilgisayarı ağa ekleme====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" |Bilgisayarı yerel ağa ekleme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* internet, ağ, yönlendiriciler(routers)
* Alan adı servisi
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* route
* resolve.conf
* IPv4, IPv6
* ifconfig
* netstat
* ping

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan Konular:'''

* ssh.
* dig.

===''Başlık 5: Güvenlik ve Dosyaları İzinleri (ağırlık: 7)''===
====5.1 Temel Güvenlik ve Kullanıcı türlerini tanımlama====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Linux'de farklı kullanıcı türleri.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Root ve imtiyazsız kullanıcılar
* sistem kullanıcılaı
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* /etc/passwd
* id, who,w
* sudo

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan Konular:'''

* su.

====5.2 Kullanıcı ve Grup Oluşturma====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Linux'de kullanıcı ve grup ekleme
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* kullanıcı ve grup komutları
* kullanıcı ID
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''

* /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group.
* id, last.
* useradd, groupadd.
* passwd.

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan Konular:'''

* usermod, userdel.
* groupmod, groupdel.

====5.3 Dosya izinlerini ve haklarını tanımlama====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Dosya izin ve sahipliğini anlama ve değiştirme.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Dosya izinleri ve sahipleri
'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* ls -l
* chmod, chown

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan Konular:'''

* chgrp.

====5.4 Özel Dizin ve Dosyalar====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Ağırlık'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Açıklama'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Linux'de özel izinleri içeren özel dosyalar,dizinler.
|}
'''Temel Bilgi Alanları:'''
* Sistem dosyaları, kütüphaneler
* Sembolik linkler

'''Kullanılan dosyalar, terimler ve araçların kısmi bir listesi:'''
* /etc, /var.
* /tmp, /var/tmp ve Sticky Bit.
* ls -d.
* ln -s.

'''Bilinmesinde Fayda olan Konular:'''

* Hard links.
* Setuid/Setgid.

===''Referans Materyalleri''===

===Notlar ve Yorumlar===

Yorum eklemekten çekinmeyin:

# mahremiyet konuları?

2011-09-19T20:19:31Z

Ismail.yenigul: /* Translations of Objectives */

__FORCETOC__
==Introduction==
This is a required exam for LPI certification Level 2. It covers advanced skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux.
 
==Version Information==
These objectives are version 3.0.5.

This is also a [[LPIC1AndLPIC2SummaryVersion2To3|summary and detailed information]] on the changes from version 2.x to 3.x of the objectives.
 

==Addenda==
===''Addendum (Jul 1st, 2011)''===
* added Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG) to 207.3
* added Signing zones using DNSSEC to 207.3

===''Addendum (Jan 1st, 2011)''===
* moved depmod from make targets to own place

===''Addendum (Jul 1st, 2010)''===
* fixed ~/.procmailrc reference in 212.1

===''Addendum (Oct 1st, 2009)''===
* drop routed from 212.1

===''Addendum (Apr 1st, 2009)''===
* add uuidgen, tune2fs (-U) to 301.1 partial file list
* add TSIG to 207.3 partial file list
* drop cloneconfig and prepare-all from 201.2 partial file list
* add xfs_info, xfs_check and xfs_repair to 203.2 partial file list
* expanded details on HFS/ISO9660/UDF file systems and extensions in 203.3 key knowledge areas
* add awareness of sdparm to 204.2 partial file list
* add iwlist to 205.1 partial file list
* changed terminology from "make options" to "make targets" in 201.2
===''Addendum (Jan 1st, 2009)''===
* add vol_id, blkid and /dev/disk/* to 203.1 partial file list
 

==Translations of Objectives==
The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:
* [[LPIC-2_Objectives|English]]
* [[LPIC-2_Objectives(ES)|Spanish]]
* [[LPIC-2_Objectives(RU)|Russian]]
* [[LPIC-2_Objectives(Greek)|Greek]]
[[LPIC-2_Objectives(Turkish)|Turkish]]
 

==Objectives: Exam 201==
===''Topic 201: Linux Kernel''===
====201.1 Kernel Components====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, identifying stable and development kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Kernel 2.6.x documentation
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /usr/src/linux
* /usr/src/linux/Documentation
* zImage
* bzImage
 
====201.2 Compiling a kernel====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* /usr/src/linux/
* GRUB configuration files
* Kernel 2.6.x make targets
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* mkinitrd
* mkinitramfs
* make
* make targets (config, xconfig, menuconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install)
 
====201.3 Patching a kernel====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly patch a kernel to add support for new hardware. This objective also includes being able to properly remove kernel patches from already patched kernels.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Kernel Makefiles
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* patch
* gzip
* bzip2
 
====201.4 Customise, build and install a custom kernel and kernel modules====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to customise, build and install a 2.6 kernel for specific system requirements, by patching, compiling and editing configuration files as required. This objective includes being able to assess requirements for a kernel compile as well as build and configure kernel modules.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Customize the current kernel configuration.
* Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.
* Install a new kernel and any modules.
* Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.
* /usr/src/linux/
* Module configuration files
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* patch
* make
* module tools
* /usr/src/linux/*
* /usr/src/linux/.config
* /lib/modules/kernel-version/*
* /boot/*
* make targets: all, config, menuconfig, xconfig, gconfig oldconfig, modules, install, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg
* depmod
 

====201.5 Manage/Query kernel and kernel modules at runtime====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x kernel and its loadable modules.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.
* Manually load and unload kernel modules.
* Determine when modules can be unloaded.
* Determine what parameters a module accepts.
* Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name.
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
* module configuration files in /etc
* /proc/sys/kernel/
* depmod
* insmod
* lsmod
* rmmod
* modinfo
* modprobe
* uname
 
 
===''Topic 202: System Startup''===
====202.1 Customising system startup and boot processes====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various run levels. A thorough understanding of the init structure and boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with run levels.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/init.d/
* /etc/rc.d/
* chkconfig
* update-rc.d
 
====202.2 System recovery====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* inittab
* GRUB
* grub shell
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* init
* mount
* fsck
* telinit
 
 
===''Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices''===
====203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* The concept of the fstab configuration
* Tools and utilities for handling SWAP partitions and files
* Use of UUIDs
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/fstab
* /etc/mtab
* /proc/mounts
* mount and umount
* sync
* swapon
* swapoff
 
====203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2 and ext3
* Tools and utilities to manipulate reiserfs V3
* Tools and utilities to manipulate xfs
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* fsck (fsck.*)
* badblocks
* mkfs (mkfs.*)
* dumpe2fs
* debugfs, debugreiserfs
* tune2fs, reiserfstune
* mkswap
* xfs_info, xfs_check and xfs_repair
 
====203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* autofs configuration files
* UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities
* awareness of CD-ROM filesystems (UDF, ISO9660, HFS)
* awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito)
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/auto.master
* /etc/auto.[dir]
* mkisofs
* dd
* mke2fs
 
====203.4 udev Device Management====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* udev rules
* Kernel interface
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* udevmonitor
* /etc/udev
 
 
===''Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration''===
====204.1 Configuring RAID====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Software raid configuration files and utilities
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* mdadm.conf
* mdadm
* /proc/mdstat
* fdisk
 
====204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA
* Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)
* Awareness of sdparm command and its uses
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* hdparm
* sdparm
* tune2fs
* sysctl
* /dev/hd* & /dev/sd*
 
====204.3 Logical Volume Manager====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Tools in the LVM suite
* Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes
* Creating and maintaining snapshots
* Activating volume groups
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /sbin/pv*
* /sbin/lv*
* /sbin/vg*
* mount
* /dev/mapper/
 
 
===''Topic 205: Networking Configuration''===
====205.1 Basic networking configuration====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
* Configuring wireless networks
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /sbin/route
* /sbin/ifconfig
* /sbin/ip
* /usr/sbin/arp
* /sbin/iwconfig
* /sbin/iwlist
 
====205.2 Advanced Network Configuration and Troubleshooting====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device, configuring a VPN client and resolving communication problems.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Utilities to manipulate routing tables
* Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
* Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices
* Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic
* OpenVPN
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /sbin/route
* /sbin/ifconfig
* /bin/netstat
* /bin/ping
* /usr/sbin/arp
* /usr/sbin/tcpdump
* /usr/sbin/lsof
* /usr/bin/nc
* /sbin/ip
* /etc/openvpn/*
* openvpn
* nmap
* wireshark
 
====205.3 Troubleshooting network issues====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Location and content of access restriction files
* Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
* Utilities to manage routing tables
* Utilities to list network states.
* Utilities to gain information about the network configuration
* Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices
* System initialisation files and their contents (SysV init process)
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /sbin/ifconfig
* /sbin/route
* /bin/netstat
* /etc/network || /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
* System log files such as /var/log/syslog & /var/log/messages
* /bin/ping
* /etc/resolv.conf
* /etc/hosts
* /etc/hosts.allow & /etc/hosts.deny
* /etc/hostname | /etc/HOSTNAME
* /bin/hostname
* /usr/sbin/traceroute
* /usr/bin/dig
* /bin/dmesg
* /usr/bin/host
 
====205.4 Notify users on system-related issues====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Automate communication with users through logon messages.
* Inform active users of system maintenance
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/issue
* /etc/issue.net
* /etc/motd
* wall
* /sbin/shutdown
 
 
===''Topic 206:System Maintenance''===
====206.1 Make and install programs from source====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.
* Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.
* Apply parameters to a configure script.
* Know where sources are stored by default.
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /usr/src/
* gunzip
* gzip
* bzip2
* tar
* configure
* make
* uname
* install
 
====206.2 Backup operations====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups
* Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula and BackupPC
* Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media
* Perform partial and manual backups.
* Verify the integrity of backup files.
* Partially or fully restore backups.
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /bin/sh
* cpio
* dd
* tar
* /dev/st* and /dev/nst*
* mt
* rsync
 
 
===''Topic 207: Domain Name Server''===
====207.1 Basic DNS server configuration====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as a caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to convert older BIND configuration files to newer format, managing a running server and configuring logging.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities
* Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files
* Reloading modified configuration and zone files
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/named.conf
* /var/named/*
* /usr/sbin/rndc
* kill
 
====207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone or root level server. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities
* Utilities to request information from the DNS server
* Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files
* Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /var/named/*
* zone file syntax
* resource record formats
* dig
* nslookup
* host
 
====207.3 Securing a DNS server====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* BIND 9 configuration files
* Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail
* Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement
* Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)
* Signing zones using DNSSEC
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/named.conf
* /etc/passwd
* DNSSEC
* dnssec-keygen
 

==Objectives: Exam 202==
===''Topic 208 Web Services''===
====208.1 Implementing a web server====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Apache 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
* Apache log files configuration and content
* Access restriction methods and files
* mod_perl and PHP configuration
* Client user authentication files and utilities
* Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* access logs and error logs
* .htaccess
* httpd.conf
* mod_auth
* htpasswd
* htgroup
* apache2ctl
* httpd
 
====208.2 Maintaining a web server====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and customise file access.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* SSL configuration files, tools and utilities
* SSL certificate handling
* Apache 2.x virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
* Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customise file access
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* Apache2 configuration files
* /etc/ssl/*
* openssl
 
====208.3 Implementing a proxy server====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Squid 2.x configuration files, terms and utilities
* Access restriction methods
* Client user authentication methods
* Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* squid.conf
* acl
* http_access
 
 
===''Topic 209: File Sharing''===
====209.1 SAMBA Server Configuration====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to set up a SAMBA server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba for login clients and setting up the workgroup in which a server participates and defining shared directories and printers. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Samba 3 documentation
* Samba configuration files
* Samba tools and utilities
* Mounting Samba shares on Linux
* Samba daemons
* Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names
* User-Level and Share-Level security
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* smbd, nmbd
* smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
* smbclient
* net
* /etc/smb/*
* /var/log/samba/
 
====209.2 NFS Server Configuration====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* NFS configuration files
* NFS tools and utilities
* Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets
* Mount options on server and client
* tcpwrappers
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/exports
* exportfs
* showmount
* nfsstat
* /proc/mounts
* /etc/fstab
* rpcinfo
* mountd
* portmapper
 
 
===''Topic 210 Network Client Management''===
====210.1 DHCP configuration====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities
* Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* dhcpd.conf
* dhcpd.leases
* /var/log/daemon.log and /var/log/messages
* arp
* dhcpd
 
====210.2 PAM authentication====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* PAM configuration files, terms and utilities
* passwd and shadow passwords
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/pam.d
* pam.conf
* nsswitch.conf
* pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile
 
====210.3 LDAP client usage====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* LDAP utilities for data management and queries
* Change user passwords
* Querying the LDAP directory
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* ldapsearch
* ldappasswd
* ldapadd
* ldapdelete
 
 
===''Topic 211: E-Mail Services''===
====211.1 Using e-mail servers====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Configuration files for postfix
* Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol, sendmail, and exim
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* Configuration files and commands for postfix
* Basic configuration of sendmail
* /etc/aliases
* /etc/mail/*
* /etc/postfix/*
* sendmail emulation layer commands
* /var/spool/mail
* mail-related logs in /var/log/
 
====211.2 Managing Local E-Mail Delivery====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* procmail configuration files, tools and utilities
* Usage of procmail on both server and client side
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* ~/.procmailrc
* /etc/procmailrc
* procmail
* mbox and Maildir formats
 

====211.3 Managing Remote E-Mail Delivery====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Courier IMAP and Courier POP configuration
* Dovecot configuration
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/courier/*
* dovecot.conf
 
 
===''Topic 212: System Security''===
====212.1 Configuring a router====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure a system to perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* iptables configuration files, tools and utilities
* Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
* Private address ranges
* Port redirection and IP forwarding
* List and write filtering and rules that accept or block datagrams based on source or destination protocol, port and address
* Save and reload filtering configurations
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /proc/sys/net/ipv4
* /etc/services
* iptables
 
====212.2 Securing FTP servers====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd
* Awareness of ProFTPd
* Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* vsftpd.conf
* important Pure-FTPd command line options
 
====212.3 Secure shell (SSH)====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities
* Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users
* Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password
* Usage of XWindow and other application protocols through SSH tunnels
* Configuration of ssh-agent
* Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* ssh
* sshd
* /etc/ssh/sshd_config
* Private and public key files
* ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
* PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol
 
====212.4 TCP Wrapper====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure TCP Wrapper to allow connections to specified servers only from certain hosts or subnets.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* TCP Wrapper configuration files, tools and utilities
* inetd configuration files, tools and utilities
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/inetd.conf
* /etc/hosts.allow
* /etc/hosts.deny
* libwrap
* tcpd
 
====212.5 Security tasks====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server
* Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT, CIAC or other sources
* Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)
* Awareness of OpenVAS
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* telnet
* nmap
* snort
* fail2ban
* nc
* iptables
 
 
===''Topic 213: Troubleshooting''===
====213.1 Identifying boot stages and troubleshooting bootloaders====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB and LILO are the bootloaders of interest.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* boot loader start and hand off to kernel
* kernel loading
* hardware initialisation and setup
* daemon/service initialisation and setup
* Know the different bootloader install locations on a hard disk or removable device
* Overwriting standard bootloader options and using bootloader shells
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* The contents of /boot/ and /boot/grub/
* GRUB
* grub-install
* initrd, initramfs
* Master boot record
* /etc/init.d
* lilo
* /etc/lilo.conf
 
====213.2 General troubleshooting====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* /proc filesystem
* Various system and daemon log files
* Content of /, /boot , and /lib/modules
* Screen output during bootup
* Kernel syslog entries in system logs (if entry is able to be gained)
* Tools and utilities to analyse information about the used hardware
* Tools and utilities to trace software and their system and library calls
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* dmesg
* /sbin/lspci
* /usr/bin/lsdev
* /sbin/lsmod
* /sbin/modprobe
* /sbin/insmod
* /bin/uname
* strace
* strings
* ltrace
* lsof
* lsusb
 
====213.3 Troubleshooting system resources====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to identify, diagnose and repair local system issues when using software from the command line.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Core system variables
* The contents of:
** /etc/profile && /etc/profile.d/
** /etc/init.d/
** /etc/rc.*
** /etc/sysctl.conf
** /etc/bashrc
** /etc/ld.so.conf
** or other appropriate global shell configuration files
* Any standard editor
* Standard tools, utilites and commands to manipulate the above files and variables
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /bin/ln
* /bin/rm
* /sbin/ldconfig
* /sbin/sysctl
 
====213.4 Troubleshooting environment configurations====
{|
| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
|-
| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to identify common local system and user environment configuration issues and common repair techniques.
|}
'''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
* Core system variables
* init configuration files
* init start process
* cron configuration files
* Login process
* User-password storage files
* Determine user group associations
* SHELL configuration files of bash
* Analysing which processes or daemons are running
'''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
* /etc/inittab
* /etc/rc.local
* /etc/rc.boot
* /var/spool/cron/crontabs/
* The default shell configuration file(s) in /etc/
* /etc/login.defs
* /etc/syslog.conf
* /etc/passwd
* /etc/shadow
* /etc/group
* /sbin/init
* /usr/sbin/cron
* /usr/bin/crontab