LinuxEssentials Objectives V1.6(NL)

Inleiding

Het doel van de Linux Essentials certificaat is om de fundamentele kennis die nodig is om competent gebruik maken van een desktop of mobiel apparaat met behulp van een Linux besturingssysteem te definiëren. Het bijbehorende Linux Essentials-programma helpt jongeren (en degenen voor wie Linux en Open Source nieuw zijn) om Linux en Open Source te gebruiken en in in de context van de bredere IT-industrie te begrijpen.

Candidate Description

Dit is een beschrijving van een kandidaat die net aan gekwalificeerd is om het Linux Essentials-examen te halen. Deze hypothetische persoon wordt de Minimally Qualified Candidate (MQC) genoemd. De normen voor het Linux Essentials-examen worden zo gedefinieert dat deze persoon (en iedereen die beter gekwalificeerd is) slaagt, maar dat iemand die minder bekwaam is, niet slaagt.

De MQC heeft inzicht in de Linux- en Open Source-industrie en kennis van de populairste Open Source-applicaties. De kandidaat moet de belangrijkste componenten van het Linux-besturingssysteem begrijpen en over de technische vaardigheid beschikken om op de Linux-opdrachtregel te kunnen werken. De MQC heeft basiskennis van onderwerpen zoals beveiliging en beheer van gebruiker-/groepsbeheer, werken op de opdrachtregel en rechten in het bestandssysteem. De Linux Essentials-certificaathouder is hoogstwaarschijnlijk de eindgebruiker van een grotendeels beheerd systeem.

De 'Linux Essentials MQC' moet basisvaardigheden of kennis hebben van de volgende onderwerpen:

• Gratis en Open Source Software, de verschillende communities en licenties
• Processen, programma's en de componenten van een besturingssysteem
• Computer hardware
• Systeembeveiliging, gebruikers/groepen en bestandsrechten voor openbare en privé-directory's
• Maak het systeem toegankelijk en in staat om verbinding te maken met andere computers op een Local Area Network (LAN)
• Open source-applicaties op de werkplek in vergelijking met closed-source-equivalenten
• Bestandsysteembrowser op een Linux Desktop
• Waar kun je ondersteuning vinden
• Werk op de opdrachtregel en met bestanden
• Maak en herstel eenvoudige back-ups en archieven
• Gebruik een eenvoudige commando regeleditor
• Bestandscompressie
• Maak en voer eenvoudige shell scripts uit

Version Information

These objectives are version 1.6.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 1.5 to 1.6 of the objectives.

The version 1.5 objectives can be found here.

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

• English
• Brazilian Portuguese
• Chinese (Simplified)
• Chinese (Traditional)
• Dutch
• French
• German
• Italian
• Japanese
• Spanish

Exams and Requirements

The Linux Essentials certificate is awarded after passing this exam:

• 010 (40 questions in 60 minutes)

There is no requirement to posses another certificate.

Objectives

Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source

1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Knowledge of Linux development and major distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Distributions
• Embedded Systems
• Linux in the Cloud

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Debian, Ubuntu (LTS)
• CentOS, openSUSE, Red Hat, SUSE
• Linux Mint, Scientific Linux
• Raspberry Pi, Raspbian
• Android

1.2 Major Open Source Applications (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Awareness of major applications as well as their uses and development.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Desktop applications
• Server applications
• Development languages
• Package management tools and repositories

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox, GIMP
• Nextcloud, ownCloud
• Apache HTTPD, NGINX, MariaDB, MySQL, NFS, Samba
• C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, shell, Python, PHP
• dpkg, apt-get, rpm, yum

1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Open communities and licensing Open Source Software for business.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Open source philosophy
• Open source licensing
• Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Copyleft, Permissive
• GPL, BSD, Creative Commons
• Free Software, Open Source Software, FOSS, FLOSS
• Open source business models

1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills and working in Linux.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Desktop skills
• Getting to the command line
• Industry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualization

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Using a browser, privacy concerns, configuration options, searching the web and saving content
• Terminal and console
• Password issues
• Privacy issues and tools
• Use of common open source applications in presentations and projects

Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System

2.1 Command Line Basics (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Basics of using the Linux command line.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Basic shell
• Command line syntax
• Variables
• Quoting

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Bash
• echo
• history
• PATH environment variable
• export
• type

2.2 Using the Command Line to Get Help (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Running help commands and navigation of the various help systems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Man pages
• Info pages

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• man
• info
• /usr/share/doc/
• locate

2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Navigation of home and system directories and listing files in various locations.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files, directories
• Hidden files and directories
• Home directories
• Absolute and relative paths

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Common options for ls
• Recursive listings
• cd
• . and ..
• home and ~

2.4 Creating, Moving and Deleting Files (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Create, move and delete files and directories under the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files and directories
• Case sensitivity
• Simple globbing

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mv, cp, rm, touch
• mkdir, rmdir

Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line

3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Archiving files in the user home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files, directories
• Archives, compression

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• tar
• Common tar options
• gzip, bzip2, xz
• zip, unzip

3.2 Searching and Extracting Data from Files (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Search and extract data from files in the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Command line pipes
• I/O redirection
• Basic Regular Expressions using ., [ ], *, and ?

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• grep
• less
• cat, head, tail
• sort
• cut
• wc

3.3 Turning Commands into a Script (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Turning repetitive commands into simple scripts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Basic shell scripting
• Awareness of common text editors (vi and nano)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• #! (shebang)
• /bin/bash
• Variables
• Arguments
• for loops
• echo
• Exit status

Topic 4: The Linux Operating System

4.1 Choosing an Operating System (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Differences between Windows, OS X and Linux
• Distribution life cycle management

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• GUI versus command line, desktop configuration
• Maintenance cycles, beta and stable

4.2 Understanding Computer Hardware (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Familiarity with the components that go into building desktop and server computers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Hardware

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals
• Hard drives, solid state disks and partitions, /dev/sd*
• Drivers

4.3 Where Data is Stored (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Where various types of information are stored on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Programs and configuration
• Processes
• Memory addresses
• System messaging
• Logging

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ps, top, free
• syslog, dmesg
• /etc/, /var/log/
• /boot/, /proc/, /dev/, /sys/

4.4 Your Computer on the Network (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Querying vital networking configuration and determining the basic requirements for a computer on a Local Area Network (LAN).

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Internet, network, routers
• Querying DNS client configuration
• Querying network configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• route, ip route show
• ifconfig, ip addr show
• netstat, ss
• /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hosts
• IPv4, IPv6
• ping
• host

Topic 5: Security and File Permissions

5.1 Basic Security and Identifying User Types (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Various types of users on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Root and standard users
• System users

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group
• id, last, who, w
• sudo, su

5.2 Creating Users and Groups (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Creating users and groups on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• User and group commands
• User IDs

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel/
• useradd, groupadd
• passwd

5.3 Managing File Permissions and Ownership (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Understanding and manipulating file permissions and ownership settings.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• File and directory permissions and ownership

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ls -l, ls -a
• chmod, chown

5.4 Special Directories and Files (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Special directories and files on a Linux system including special permissions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Using temporary files and directories
• Symbolic links

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /tmp/, /var/tmp/ and Sticky Bit
• ls -d
• ln -s