LinuxEssentials Objectives V1.6(ES)

Introducción

El propósito del Certificado Linux Essentials es el de definir los conocimientos básicos necesarios para utilizar de manera competente un dispositivo de escritorio o móvil con un sistema operativo Linux. El Programa Linux Essentials guiará y alentará a los jóvenes (y a los recién llegados a Linux y al Código Abierto) a entender el lugar que ocupan Linux y el Código Abierto en la amplia industria de las tecnologías de la información.

Descripción del candidato

A continuación se describe a un candidato que está mínimamente cualificado para aprobar el examen Linux Essentials. A este candidato hipotético se le denomina Candidato Mínimamente Cualificado (MQC - Minimally Qualified Candidate). El nivel del examen Linux Essentials debería ser tal que esta persona (y cualquiera que esté mejor capacitado) lo aprobara, pero cualquiera peor capacitado lo suspendiera.

Para tener éxito, el candidato debería conocer la industria relacionada con Linux y el Open Source, así como las aplicaciones de código abierto más populares. Igualmente, el candidato debería comprender el funcionamiento de los componentes principales de un sistema operativo con Linux y tener las aptitudes técnicas para trabajar en la línea de comandos. El MQC conoce aspectos básicos de temas relacionados con la seguridad y la administración tales como la gestión de usuarios/grupos, el trabajo en la línea de comandos y los permisos. El titular del Certificado Linux Essentials es muy probablemente el usuario final de un sistema que administra casi en su totalidad.

El Candidato Mínimamente Cualificado de Linux Essentials debe demostrar habilidades o conocimientos rudimientarios en las siguientes áreas:

• Software Libre y de Código Abierto: comunidades y licencias.
• Procesos, programas y los componentes de un sistema operativo.
• Hardware del ordenador.
• Seguridad del sistema, usuarios/grupos y los permisos de ficheros tanto para directorios públicos como privados.
• Hacer el sistema accesible y con capacidad para conectarse a otros ordenadores en una Red de Área Local (LAN, Local Area Network).
• Aplicaciones de código abierto en el lugar de trabajo y sus equivalentes de código cerrado.
• Navegadores de sistemas de archivos de un sistema de escritorio Linux.
• Dónde acudir para solicitar ayuda.
• Trabajo en la línea de comandos y con archivos.
• Creación y restauración de copias de seguridad simples y archivos comprimidos.
• Uso de un editor de línea de comandos básico.
• Compresión de archivos.
• Creación y ejecución de scripts sencillos.

Version Information

These objectives are version 1.6.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 1.5 to 1.6 of the objectives.

The version 1.5 objectives can be found here.

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

• English
• Arabic
• Brazilian Portuguese
• French
• German
• Greek
• Japanese
• Spanish
• Turkish
• Italian
• Dutch

Exams and Requirements

The Linux Essentials certificate is awarded after passing this exam:

• 010 (40 questions in 60 minutes)

There is no requirement to posses another certificate.

Objectives

Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source

1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Knowledge of Linux development and major distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Distributions
• Embedded Systems
• Linux in the Cloud

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Debian, Ubuntu (LTS)
• CentOS, openSUSE, Red Hat, SUSE
• Linux Mint, Scientific Linux
• Raspberry Pi, Raspbian
• Android

1.2 Major Open Source Applications (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Awareness of major applications as well as their uses and development.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Desktop applications
• Server applications
• Development languages
• Package management tools and repositories

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox, GIMP
• Nextcloud, ownCloud
• Apache HTTPD, NGINX, MariaDB, MySQL, NFS, Samba
• C, Java, JavaScript, Perl, shell, Python, PHP
• dpkg, apt-get, rpm, yum

1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Open communities and licensing Open Source Software for business.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Open source philosophy
• Open source licensing
• Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Copyleft, Permissive
• GPL, BSD, Creative Commons
• Free Software, Open Source Software, FOSS, FLOSS
• Open source business models

1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills and working in Linux.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Desktop skills
• Getting to the command line
• Industry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualization

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Using a browser, privacy concerns, configuration options, searching the web and saving content
• Terminal and console
• Password issues
• Privacy issues and tools
• Use of common open source applications in presentations and projects

Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System

2.1 Command Line Basics (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Basics of using the Linux command line.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Basic shell
• Command line syntax
• Variables
• Quoting

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Bash
• echo
• history
• PATH environment variable
• export
• type

2.2 Using the Command Line to Get Help (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Running help commands and navigation of the various help systems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Man pages
• Info pages

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• man
• info
• /usr/share/doc/
• locate

2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Navigation of home and system directories and listing files in various locations.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files, directories
• Hidden files and directories
• Home directories
• Absolute and relative paths

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Common options for ls
• Recursive listings
• cd
• . and ..
• home and ~

2.4 Creating, Moving and Deleting Files (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Create, move and delete files and directories under the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files and directories
• Case sensitivity
• Simple globbing

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mv, cp, rm, touch
• mkdir, rmdir

Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line

3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Archiving files in the user home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files, directories
• Archives, compression

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• tar
• Common tar options
• gzip, bzip2, xz
• zip, unzip

3.2 Searching and Extracting Data from Files (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Search and extract data from files in the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Command line pipes
• I/O redirection
• Basic Regular Expressions using ., [ ], *, and ?

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• grep
• less
• cat, head, tail
• sort
• cut
• wc

3.3 Turning Commands into a Script (weight: 4)

Weight	4
Description	Turning repetitive commands into simple scripts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Basic shell scripting
• Awareness of common text editors (vi and nano)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• #! (shebang)
• /bin/bash
• Variables
• Arguments
• for loops
• echo
• Exit status

Topic 4: The Linux Operating System

4.1 Choosing an Operating System (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Differences between Windows, OS X and Linux
• Distribution life cycle management

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• GUI versus command line, desktop configuration
• Maintenance cycles, beta and stable

4.2 Understanding Computer Hardware (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Familiarity with the components that go into building desktop and server computers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Hardware

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals
• Hard drives, solid state disks and partitions, /dev/sd*
• Drivers

4.3 Where Data is Stored (weight: 3)

Weight	3
Description	Where various types of information are stored on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Programs and configuration
• Processes
• Memory addresses
• System messaging
• Logging

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ps, top, free
• syslog, dmesg
• /etc/, /var/log/
• /boot/, /proc/, /dev/, /sys/

4.4 Your Computer on the Network (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Querying vital networking configuration and determining the basic requirements for a computer on a Local Area Network (LAN).

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Internet, network, routers
• Querying DNS client configuration
• Querying network configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• route, ip route show
• ifconfig, ip addr show
• netstat, ss
• /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hosts
• IPv4, IPv6
• ping
• host

Topic 5: Security and File Permissions

5.1 Basic Security and Identifying User Types (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Various types of users on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Root and standard users
• System users

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group
• id, last, who, w
• sudo, su

5.2 Creating Users and Groups (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Creating users and groups on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• User and group commands
• User IDs

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel/
• useradd, groupadd
• passwd

5.3 Managing File Permissions and Ownership (weight: 2)

Weight	2
Description	Understanding and manipulating file permissions and ownership settings.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• File and directory permissions and ownership

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ls -l, ls -a
• chmod, chown

5.4 Special Directories and Files (weight: 1)

Weight	1
Description	Special directories and files on a Linux system including special permissions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Using temporary files and directories
• Symbolic links

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /tmp/, /var/tmp/ and Sticky Bit
• ls -d
• ln -s