Linux Essentials Summary Version 1.6 To 2.0

• Topic 1: The Linux Operating System and Open Source Software (renamed from The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source)
  • 1.1 Linux Distributions (renamed from Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems)
    • Changed to better reflect Linux distribution families, include support schemas and Linux components (kernelspace and userspace)
    • Updated description
    • Added 'Kernel and userspace'
    • Added 'Distribution life cycle management' (moved from 4.1)
    • Added 'Awareness of Android and its relation to Linux'
    • Replaced individual distribution names with distribution family groupings:
      • Added 'Debian-based Distributions (Debian GNU/Linux, Ubuntu, Raspberry Pi OS)' — replaces 'Debian, Ubuntu (LTS)' and 'Raspberry Pi, Raspbian'
      • Added 'Enterprise Linux-based Distributions (Red Hat Enterprise Linux, AlmaLinux, Rocky Linux, Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream)' — replaces 'CentOS, Red Hat'
      • Added 'SUSE-based Distributions (SUSE Linux Enterprise, openSUSE Leap, openSUSE Tumbleweed)' — replaces 'openSUSE, SUSE'
      • Added 'Alpine Linux (main and edge)'
      • Added 'Long-Term Support (LTS), stable, testing and unstable releases, and rolling releases'
      • Removed 'Linux Mint, Scientific Linux'
      • Removed 'Android' (covered by new KKA instead)
  • 1.2 Major Open Source Applications
    • Updated description to clarify that awareness of purpose and features is required, not specific usage or installation details
    • Changed 'Development languages' to 'Programming languages'
    • Added 'Web applications'
    • Added 'Software packages and repositories'
    • Added (awareness level) 'Chromium / Chrome, Codium / VS Code, Inkscape, VLC, GPG, R'
    • Added (awareness level) 'Kodi, Jitsi, Big Blue Button, Moodle, Git, GitLab, Forgejo / Gitea'
    • Added (awareness level) 'PostgreSQL'
    • Added (awareness level) 'C++, Rust, Go'
    • Added 'apt, dnf, zypper, apk'
    • Removed 'OpenOffice.org'
    • Removed 'Perl, shell'
  • 1.3 Open Source Software and Licensing
    • Updated description to add digital autonomy and digital sovereignty
    • Editorial changes to the description
    • Changed 'Open source licensing' to 'Open source and open content licensing'
    • Added 'Proprietary software'
    • Added: 'Free software'
    • Added: 'Digital autonomy', 'Digital sovereignty'
    • Removed: 'FOSS, FLOSS', 'Open source business models'
  • 1.4 Linux Usage (renamed from ICT Skills and Working in Linux)
    • Changed to focus on various kinds of system that run Linux as well as securely accessing remote system, such as cloud providers
    • Updated description
    • Added 'Understanding types of computers that can run Linux'
    • Added 'Awareness of virtualization, containers and cloud computing'
    • Added 'Awareness of common text editors'
    • Added 'Awareness of configuration management tools'
    • Added 'Secure handling of credentials'
    • Added 'Secure transfer and storage of data'
    • Added 'Desktop computers, laptops and other mobile devices'
    • Added 'Server computers, virtual machines and cloud instances'
    • Added 'Embedded systems and HPC clusters'
    • Added 'Client and server roles'
    • Added 'vi, nano'
    • Added 'Strong password, password managers, multi-factor authentication, passkeys'
    • Added 'Encryption in network protocols (HTTPS), storage media'
    • Added 'Secure handling of USB devices'
    • Removed 'Desktop skills'
    • Removed 'Getting to the command line'
    • Removed 'Industry uses of Linux, cloud computing and virtualization'
    • Removed 'Using a browser, privacy concerns, configuration options, searching the web and saving content'
    • Removed 'Terminal and console'
    • Removed 'Password issues'
    • Removed 'Privacy issues and tools'
    • Removed 'Use of common open source applications in presentations and projects'
• Topic 2: Command Line Basics (renamed from Finding Your Way on a Linux System)
  • 2.1 Command Line Usage (renamed from Command Line Basics)
    • Editorial changes to the description
    • Added to utilities: '/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /sbin'
  • 2.2 Documentation, Man Pages and Usage Information (renamed from Using the Command Line to Get Help)
    • Updated to include parameters for querying usage information and removed info pages and locate
    • Updated Description
    • Added 'Common help parameters of command line tools'
    • Added '-h, --help'
    • Removed 'Info pages'
    • Removed 'info', 'locate'
  • 2.3 Files, Directories and Paths (renamed from Using Directories and Listing Files)
    • Changed to include find
    • Updated description
    • Added 'Searching for files based on file names'
    • Added to utilities: 'find'
    • Added /' (root path)
    • Changed 'home' to '/home'
  • 2.4 File and Directory Management (renamed from Creating, Moving and Deleting Files)
    • Editorial changes to the description
• Topic 3: Data Processing (renamed from The Power of the Command Line)
  • 3.1 File Archives and Compression (renamed from Archiving Files on the Command Line)
    • Editorial changes to the description
  • 3.2 Redirections and String Processing (renamed from Searching and Extracting Data from Files)
    • Changed to use Extended Regular Expressions instead of Basic Regular Expressions
    • Updated Description
    • Added 'grep -E'
    • Added 'uniq'
  • 3.3 Shell Scripting Basics (renamed from Turning Commands into a Script)
    • Editorial changes to the description
    • Changed 'for loops' to 'for loops (iterate over space separated lists and file glob expressions)'
    • Added 'if conditions (file existence and variable equality)'
    • Removed 'Awareness of common text editors (vi and nano)' (now in to 1.4)
• Topic 4: Linux System Administration Basics (renamed from The Linux Operating System)
  • 4.1 Linux Installation and Provisioning (renamed from Choosing an Operating System)
    • Updated cover the installation of Linux on physical machines, VMs and cloud instances
    • Added 'Installing Linux on a computer or in a virtual machine'
    • Added 'Using Linux in cloud instances'
    • Changed 'OS X' to 'macOS'
    • Added 'Installation media, ISO files'
    • Added 'Operating system images'
    • Added 'Dual boot'
    • Added 'Windows Subsystem for Linux'
    • Removed 'Distribution life cycle management' (now in 1.1)
    • Removed 'GUI versus command line, desktop configuration'
    • Removed 'Maintenance cycles, beta and stable'
  • 4.2 Computer Hardware and Device Access (renamed from Understanding Computer Hardware)
    • Changed to include kernel ascpects hardware management and device files
    • Updated description
    • Added Key Knowledge Area: 'Device files for physical and virtual devices'
    • Added 'processors (x86, ARM)' and 'memory'
    • Added 'Network interface cards (Ethernet, WiFi)'
    • Added '/dev/nvme*'
    • Added 'Raspberry Pi'
    • Changed 'Drivers' to 'Drivers and Kernel Modules'
    • Added '/dev/, /boot/, /sys/'
    • Added '/dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/urandom'
  • 4.3 Processes and Log Messages (renamed from Where Data is Stored)
    • Changed to include systemd service management and journal querying and remove syslog
    • Updated description
    • Added 'Services'
    • Added 'systemctl (start, stop, status)'
    • Added 'systemd Journal'
    • Added 'journalctl'
    • Removed 'System messaging'
    • Removed 'Memory addresses'
    • Removed 'syslog'
    • Removed '/boot/, /dev/, /sys/'
  • 4.4 Network Configuration (renamed from Your Computer on the Network)
    • Changed to include IPv6 and remove net-utils
    • Updated description
    • Added 'Automatic network configuration'
    • Added 'ip -6 route show'
    • Added 'resolvectl'
    • Added 'DHCP, SLAAC, DHCPv6'
    • Removed 'route'
    • Removed 'ifconfig'
    • Removed 'netstat'
• Topic 5: Security and File System Permissions (renamed from Security and File Permissions)
  • 5.1 Remote Logins, File Transfers and Elevated Permissions (renamed from Basic Security and Identifying User Types)
    • Changed to focusing on SSH, remote access and privilege escalation, user management aspects were moved to 5.2.
    • Updated description
    • Added 'Executing commands with elevated permissions'
    • Added 'Remote logins using SSH'
    • Added 'SSH key generation and authentication'
    • Added 'ssh, scp'
    • Added 'ssh-keygen'
    • Added '~/.ssh/authorized_keys'
    • Removed '/etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group' (now in 5.2)
    • Removed 'id, last, who, w' (not in 5.2)
  • 5.2 User and Group Management (renamed from Creating Users and Groups)
    • Editorial changes to the description
    • Added 'w, last, wtmpdb last'
  • 5.3 File System Permissions and Ownership (renamed from Managing File Permissions and Ownership)
    • Editorial changes to the description
    • (no content changes)
  • 5.4 Special Directories and Files
    • Editorial changes to the description
    • (no content changes)