LinuxEssentials Objectives V1.5(PT-BR)

Apresentação e Oficinas de Desenvolvimento de Exames

A descrição de todo o programa Linux Essentials é apresentada aqui.

O propósito da Certificação Linux Essentials é definir o conhecimento básico necessário para o uso competente de um desktop ou dispositivo móvel com o sistema operacional Linux instalado. O programa Linux Essentials associado irá guiar e incentivar jovens (e todos aqueles que estão conhecendo Linux e outros softwares de código livre e aberto) a entender o papel do Linux e do Software Livre no contexto amplo da indústria de tecnologia da informação.

FAQ

Perguntas e respostas sobre o programa e o exame Linux Essentials estão listadas aqui.

Descrição Mínima do Candidato Qualificado

Apresentamos, aqui, a descrição de um candidato que está apenas minimamente qualificado para passar no exame LPI Linux Essentials. Essa pessoa hipotética é chamada de Candidato Minimamente Qualificado (do inglês, MQC - Minimally Qualified Candidate). Os padrões do exame Linux Essentials estão configurados de maneira que essa pessoa (e outras ainda mais capazes) podem ser certificadas, mas qualquer outra que for menos capaz não será certificada.

O candidato de sucesso deve ter o conhecimento básico do mercado de Linux e Software Livre e o conhecimento dos aplicativos mais populares em Software Livre. O candidato deve conhecer os principais componentes do sistema operacional Linux e ter proficiência técnica para trabalhar com o Linux na linha de comando. O MQC tem conhecimento básico de tópicos relacionados à segurança e administração, tais como a gestão de usuários e grupos e usar a linha de comando na configuração de permissões. Aquele que possui o certificado Linux Essentials é, muito provavelmente, o usuário de alto nível de um ambiente Linux.

O Portador de um Certificado Linux Essentials, tipicamente:

• tem um conhecimento básico das várias comunidades e licenças de software livre e de código aberto (FOSS - Free and Open Source Software);
• entende os conceitos básicos de processos, programas e os componentes de um sistema operacional;
• tem conhecimento básico do hardware de um computador;
• tem uma visão básica de segurança de sistema, usuários, grupos e permissões de arquivos em diretórios públicos e privados;
• tem o entendimento básico de como tornar um sistema acessível e é capaz de conectá-lo a outros computadores um uma rede local (LAN - Local Area Network);
• demonstra o conhecimento de aplicações em código livre e aberto no ambiente de trabalho e sabe quais são os equivalentes aos de software fechado;
• sabe navegar pelo sistema em um desktop Linux e onde procurar ajuda;
• tem habilidade rudimentar para trabalhar na linha de comando e com arquivos;
• faz simples cópias de segurança (backups) e as restaura;
• é capaz de usar um editor em modo texto, chamado a partir da linha de comando;
• sabe o que é a compressão de arquivos;
• tem a habilidade de criar e executar scripts simples.

Version Information

These objectives are version 1.5.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 1.0 to 1.5 of the objectives.

The version 1.0 objectives can be found here.

Addenda

There are currently no addenda.

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

• English.
• Arabic.
• BrazilianPortuguese.
• French.
• German.
• Greek.
• Spanish.
• Turkish.
• Italian.
• Dutch.

Objectives

Topic 1: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source (weight: 7)

1.1 Linux Evolution and Popular Operating Systems

Weight	2
Description	Knowledge of Linux development and major distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Open Source Philosophy
• Distributions
• Embedded Systems

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Android
• Debian, Ubuntu (LTS)
• CentOS, openSUSE, Red Hat
• Linux Mint, Scientific Linux

1.2 Major Open Source Applications

Weight	2
Description	Awareness of major applications as well as their uses and development.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Desktop Applications
• Server Applications
• Development Languages
• Package Management Tools and repositories

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Thunderbird, Firefox, GIMP
• Apache HTTPD, NGINX, MySQL, NFS, Samba
• C, Java, Perl, shell, Python, PHP
• dpkg, apt-get, rpm, yum

1.3 Understanding Open Source Software and Licensing

Weight	1
Description	Open communities and licensing Open Source Software for business.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Licensing
• Free Software Foundation (FSF), Open Source Initiative (OSI)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• GPL, BSD, Creative Commons
• Free Software, Open Source Software, FOSS, FLOSS
• Open Source business models

1.4 ICT Skills and Working in Linux

Weight	2
Description	Basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills and working in Linux.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Desktop Skills
• Getting to the Command Line
• Industry uses of Linux, Cloud Computing and Virtualization

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Using a browser, privacy concerns, configuration options, searching the web and saving content
• Terminal and Console
• Password issues
• Privacy issues and tools
• Use of common open source applications in presentations and projects

Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System (weight: 9)

2.1 Command Line Basics

Weight	3
Description	Basics of using the Linux command line.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Basic shell
• Command line syntax
• Variables
• Globbing
• Quoting

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Bash
• echo
• history
• PATH env variable
• export
• type

2.2 Using the Command Line to Get Help

Weight	2
Description	Running help commands and navigation of the various help systems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Man
• Info

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• man
• info
• Man pages
• /usr/share/doc/
• locate

2.3 Using Directories and Listing Files

Weight	2
Description	Navigation of home and system directories and listing files in various locations.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files, directories
• Hidden files and directories
• Home
• Absolute and relative paths

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Common options for ls
• Recursive listings
• cd
• . and ..
• home and ~

2.4 Creating, Moving and Deleting Files

Weight	2
Description	Create, move and delete files and directories under the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files and directories
• Case sensitivity
• Simple globbing and quoting

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• mv, cp, rm, touch
• mkdir, rmdir

Topic 3: The Power of the Command Line (weight: 9)

3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line

Weight	2
Description	Archiving files in the user home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Files, directories
• Archives, compression

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• tar
• Common tar options
• gzip, bzip2
• zip, unzip

3.2 Searching and Extracting Data from Files

Weight	3
Description	Search and extract data from files in the home directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Command line pipes
• I/O re-direction
• Basic Regular Expressions using ., [ ], *, and ?

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• grep
• less
• cat, head, tail
• sort
• cut
• wc

3.3 Turning Commands into a Script

Weight	4
Description	Turning repetitive commands into simple scripts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Basic shell scripting
• Awareness of common text editors

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• #! (shebang)
• /bin/bash
• Variables
• Arguments
• for loops
• echo
• Exit status

Topic 4: The Linux Operating System (weight: 8)

4.1 Choosing an Operating System

Weight	1
Description	Knowledge of major operating systems and Linux distributions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Windows, Mac, Linux differences
• Distribution life cycle management

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• GUI versus command line, desktop configuration
• Maintenance cycles, Beta and Stable

4.2 Understanding Computer Hardware

Weight	2
Description	Familiarity with the components that go into building desktop and server computers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Hardware

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• Motherboards, processors, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals
• Hard drives and partitions, /dev/sd*
• Drivers

4.3 Where Data is Stored

Weight	3
Description	Where various types of information are stored on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Programs and configuration, packages and package databases
• Processes, memory addresses, system messaging and logging

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ps, top, free
• syslog, dmesg
• /etc/, /var/log/
• /boot/, /proc/, /dev/, /sys/

4.4 Your Computer on the Network

Weight	2
Description	Querying vital networking configuration and determining the basic requirements for a computer on a Local Area Network (LAN).

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Internet, network, routers
• Querying DNS client configuration
• Querying Network configuration

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• route, ip route show
• ifconfig, ip addr show
• netstat, ip route show
• /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/hosts
• IPv4, IPv6
• ping
• host

Topic 5: Security and File Permissions (weight: 7)

5.1 Basic Security and Identifying User Types

Weight	2
Description	Various types of users on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Root and Standard Users
• System users

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/passwd, /etc/group
• id, who, w
• sudo, su

5.2 Creating Users and Groups

Weight	2
Description	Creating users and groups on a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• User and group commands
• User IDs

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group, /etc/skel/
• id, last
• useradd, groupadd
• passwd

5.3 Managing File Permissions and Ownership

Weight	2
Description	Understanding and manipulating file permissions and ownership settings.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• File/directory permissions and owners

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• ls -l, ls -a
• chmod, chown

5.4 Special Directories and Files

Weight	1
Description	Special directories and files on a Linux system including special permissions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Using temporary files and directories
• Symbolic links

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

• /tmp/, /var/tmp/ and Sticky Bit
• ls -d
• ln -s

Notes and Comments

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