Difference between revisions of "LPIC-1"

Revision as of 09:23, 6 March 2012

Introduction

This is a required exam for LPIC-1 or LPI certification Level 1. It covers basic skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux.

This page covers the currently released objective for the LPIC-1 certification.

Version Information

These objectives are version 3.5.0.

This is also a summary and detailed information on the changes from version 2.x to 3.0 of the objectives.

Addenda

Addendum (Apr 1st, 2012)

updated to version 3.5.0
added explicit coverage at the basic configuration level of GRUB 2
added explicit coverage of the ext4 filesystem
included basic feature knowledge of systemd and Upstart
included basic feature knowledge of IPv6 and LVM
removed coverage of LILO

Addendum (Oct 1st, 2011)

added explicit mention of GPG key revocation

Addendum (Apr 1st, 2009)

dropped X Font Server coverage to awareness level in 106.1 key knowledge area

Addendum (Jan 1st, 2009)

add TZ env variable to 107.3 partial file list
add .bash_history to 103.1 to key terms list

Translations of Objectives

The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:

Objectives: Exam 101

Topic 101: System Architecture

101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards.
Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.
Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot device.
Know the differences between coldplug and hotplug devices.
Determine hardware resources for devices.
Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.)
Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices
Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev, hald, dbus

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/sys
/proc
/dev
modprobe
lsmod
lspci
lsusb

101.2 Boot the system

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion.
Check boot events in the log files.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/var/log/messages
dmesg
BIOS
bootloader
kernel
init

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching run level and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default run level. It also includes basic feature knowledge of potential replacements to init.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Set the default run level.
Change between run levels including single user mode.
Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
Alert users before switching run levels or other major system event.
Properly terminate processes.
Knowledge of basic features of systemd and Upstart.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/inittab
shutdown
init
/etc/init.d
telinit

Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management

102.1 Design hard disk layout

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
Knowledge of basic features of LVM.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/ (root) filesystem
/var filesystem
/home filesystem
swap space
mount points
partitions

102.2 Install a boot manager

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
Interact with the boot loader.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/boot/grub/menu.lst, grub.cfg and other variations
grub-install
MBR
superblock

102.3 Manage shared libraries

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Identify shared libraries.
Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
Load shared libraries.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ldd
ldconfig
/etc/ld.so.conf
LD_LIBRARY_PATH

102.4 Use Debian package management

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/apt/sources.list
dpkg
dpkg-reconfigure
apt-get
apt-cache
aptitude

102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM and YUM tools.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM.
Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

rpm
rpm2cpio
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum.repos.d/
yum
yumdownloader

Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands

103.1 Work on the command line

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the bash shell.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
Use and edit command history.
Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

.
bash
echo
env
exec
export
pwd
set
unset
man
uname
history

103.2 Process text streams using filters

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cat
cut
expand
fmt
head
od
join
nl
paste
pr
sed
sort
split
tail
tr
unexpand
uniq
wc

103.3 Perform basic file management

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
Remove files and directories recursively.
Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

cp
find
mkdir
mv
ls
rm
rmdir
touch
tar
cpio
dd
file
gzip
gunzip
bzip2
file globbing

103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
Send output to both stdout and a file.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

tee
xargs

103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Run jobs in the foreground and background.
Signal a program to continue running after logout.
Monitor active processes.
Select and sort processes for display.
Send signals to processes.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

&
bg
fg
jobs
kill
nohup
ps
top
free
uptime
killall

103.6 Modify process execution priorities

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Know the default priority of a job that is created.
Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default..
Change the priority of a running process.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

nice
ps
renice
top

103.7 Search text files using regular expressions

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

grep
egrep
fgrep
sed
regex(7)

103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, basic vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Navigate a document using vi.
Use basic vi modes.
Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

vi
/, ?
h,j,k,l
i, o, a
c, d, p, y, dd, yy
ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!

Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

104.1 Create partitions and filesystems

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as:
- ext2/ext3/ext4
- xfs
- reiserfs v3
- vfat

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

fdisk
mkfs
mkswap

104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Verify the integrity of filesystems.
Monitor free space and inodes.
Repair simple filesystem problems.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

du
df
fsck
e2fsck
mke2fs
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs
xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)

104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
Configure user mountable removable filesystems.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/fstab
/media
mount
umount

104.4 Manage disk quotas

Weight	1
Description	Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Set up a disk quota for a filesystem.
Edit, check and generate user quota reports.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

quota
edquota
repquota
quotaon

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
Know how to change the file creation mask.
Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

chmod
umask
chown
chgrp

104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Create links.
Identify hard and/or soft links.
Copying versus linking files.
Use links to support system administration tasks.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ln

104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
Find files and commands on a Linux system.
Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

find
locate
updatedb
whereis
which
type
/etc/updatedb.conf

Objectives: Exam 102

Topic 105: Shells, Scripting and Data Management

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
Set command search path with the proper directory.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/profile
env
export
set
unset
~/.bash_profile
~/.bash_login
~/.profile
~/.bashrc
~/.bash_logout
function
alias
lists

105.2 Customize or write simple scripts

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new BASH scripts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
Use command substitution.
Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

for
while
test
if
read
seq

105.3 SQL data management

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to query databases and manipulate data using basic SQL commands. This objective includes performing queries involving joining of 2 tables and/or subselects.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Use of basic SQL commands.
Perform basic data manipulation.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

insert
update
select
delete
from
where
group by
order by
join

Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops

106.1 Install and configure X11

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server.
Awareness of the X font server.
Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/X11/xorg.conf
xhost
DISPLAY
xwininfo
xdpyinfo
X

106.2 Setup a display manager

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to setup and customize a display manager. This objective covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager).

Key Knowledge Areas:

Turn the display manager on or off.
Change the display manager greeting.
Change default color depth for the display manager.
Configure display managers for use by X-stations.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/inittab
xdm configuration files
kdm configuration files
gdm configuration files

106.3 Accessibility

Weight	1
Description	Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX)
Visual Settings and Themes
Assistive Technology (ATs)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

Sticky/Repeat Keys
Slow/Bounce/Toggle Keys
Mouse Keys
High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes
Screen Reader
Braille Display
Screen Magnifier
On-Screen Keyboard
Gestures (used at login, for example gdm)
Orca
GOK
emacspeak

Topic 107: Administrative Tasks

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files

Weight	5
Description	Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Add, modify and remove users and groups.
Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/skel
chage
groupadd
groupdel
groupmod
passwd
useradd
userdel
usermod

107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to use cron or anacron to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Manage cron and at jobs.
Configure user access to cron and at services.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}
/etc/at.deny
/etc/at.allow
/etc/crontab
/etc/cron.allow
/etc/cron.deny
/var/spool/cron/*
crontab
at
atq
atrm

107.3 Localisation and internationalisation

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Locale settings.
Timezone settings.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/timezone
/etc/localtime
/usr/share/zoneinfo
Environment variables:
- LC_*
- LC_ALL
- LANG
/usr/bin/locale
tzselect
tzconfig
date
iconv
UTF-8
ISO-8859
ASCII
Unicode

Topic 108: Essential System Services

108.1 Maintain system time

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Set the system date and time.
Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
Configure the correct timezone.
Basic NTP configuration.
Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/usr/share/zoneinfo
/etc/timezone
/etc/localtime
/etc/ntp.conf
date
hwclock
ntpd
ntpdate
pool.ntp.org

108.2 System logging

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure the syslog daemon. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

syslog configuration files
syslog
standard facilities, priorities and actions

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

syslog.conf
syslogd
klogd
logger

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Create e-mail aliases.
Configure e-mail forwarding.
Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, qmail, exim) (no configuration)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

~/.forward
sendmail emulation layer commands
newaliases
mail
mailq
postfix
sendmail
exim
qmail

108.4 Manage printers and printing

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
Manage user print queues.
Troubleshoot general printing problems.
Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
/etc/cups
lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Demonstrate an understanding network masks.
Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP-Addresses.
Setting a default route.
Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 119, 139, 143, 161, 443, 465, 993, 995).
Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/services
ftp
telnet
host
ping
dig
traceroute
tracepath

109.2 Basic network configuration

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings on client hosts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
Basic TCP/IP host configuration.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/hostname
/etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf
ifconfig
ifup
ifdown
route
ping

109.3 Basic network troubleshooting

Weight	4
Description	Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables to include adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces.
Change, view, or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set default route manually.
Debug problems associated with the network configuration.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ifconfig
ifup
ifdown
route
host
hostname
dig
netstat
ping
traceroute

109.4 Configure client side DNS

Weight	2
Description	Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system.
Modify the order in which name resolution is done.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf

Topic 110: Security

110.1 Perform security administration tasks

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
Basic sudo configuration and usage.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

find
passwd
lsof
nmap
chage
netstat
sudo
/etc/sudoers
su
usermod
ulimit

110.2 Setup host security

Weight	3
Description	Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
Turn off network services not in use.
Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

/etc/nologin
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/xinetd.d/*
/etc/xinetd.conf
/etc/inetd.d/*
/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/inittab
/etc/init.d/*
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny

110.3 Securing data with encryption

Weight	3
Description	The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

Key Knowledge Areas:

Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

ssh
ssh-keygen
ssh-agent
ssh-add
~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
/etc/ssh_known_hosts
gpg
~/.gnupg/*

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __FORCETOC__
 ==Introduction==
 This is a required exam for LPIC-1 or LPI certification Level 1. It covers basic skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux.
 This page covers the currently released objective for the LPIC-1 certification.
 <br /><br />
 ==Version Information==
 These objectives are version 3.5.0.
 This is also a [[LPIC1AndLPIC2SummaryVersion2To3|summary and detailed information]] on the changes from version 2.x to 3.0 of the objectives.
 <br /><br />
 ==Addenda==
 ===''Addendum (Apr 1st, 2012)''===
 * updated to version 3.5.0
 * added explicit coverage at the basic configuration level of GRUB 2
@@ Line 21: / Line 28: @@
 ===''Addendum (Oct 1st, 2011)''===
 * added explicit mention of GPG key revocation
 ===''Addendum (Apr 1st, 2009)''===
 * dropped X Font Server coverage to awareness level in 106.1 key knowledge area
 ===''Addendum (Jan 1st, 2009)''===
 * add TZ env variable to 107.3 partial file list
 * add .bash_history to 103.1 to key terms list
 <br />
 ==Translations of Objectives==
 The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki:
 * [[LPIC-1_Objectives(Catalan)|Catalan]] (currently 101 only)
 * [[LPIC-1_Objectives|English]]
@@ Line 43: / Line 57: @@
 * [[LPIC-1_Objectives(SV)|Swedish]]
 * [[LPIC-1_Objectives(Turkish)|Turkish]]
 <br />
 ==Objectives: Exam 101==
 ===''Topic 101: System Architecture''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system hardware.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Enable and disable integrated peripherals.
 * Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards.
@@ Line 65: / Line 94: @@
 * Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices
 * Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev, hald, dbus
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /sys
 * /proc
@@ Line 73: / Line 104: @@
 * lspci
 * lsusb
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">101.2 Boot the system</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time.
 * Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion.
 * Check boot events in the log files.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /var/log/messages
 * dmesg
@@ Line 93: / Line 140: @@
 * kernel
 * init
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system </span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching run level and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default run level.  It also includes basic feature knowledge of potential replacements to init.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. Candidates should be able to alert users before switching run level and properly terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default run level.  It also includes basic feature knowledge of potential replacements to init.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Set the default run level.
 * Change between run levels including single user mode.
@@ Line 109: / Line 170: @@
 * Properly terminate processes.
 * Knowledge of basic features of systemd and Upstart.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/inittab
 * shutdown
@@ Line 115: / Line 178: @@
 * /etc/init.d
 * telinit
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">102.1 Design hard disk layout</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
 * Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
 * Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture requirements for booting.
 * Knowledge of basic features of LVM.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * / (root) filesystem
 * /var filesystem
@@ Line 139: / Line 218: @@
 * mount points
 * partitions
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">102.2 Install a boot manager</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
 * Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB Legacy.
 * Perform basic configuration changes for GRUB 2.
 * Interact with the boot loader.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /boot/grub/menu.lst, grub.cfg and other variations
 * grub-install
 * MBR
 * superblock
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">102.3 Manage shared libraries</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs depend on and install them when necessary.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Identify shared libraries.
 * Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
 * Load shared libraries.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ldd
 * ldconfig
 * /etc/ld.so.conf
 * LD_LIBRARY_PATH
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">102.4 Use Debian package management</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian package tools.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
 * Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not be installed.
 * Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/apt/sources.list
 * dpkg
@@ Line 198: / Line 323: @@
 * apt-cache
 * aptitude
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM and YUM tools.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM.
 * Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status, dependencies, integrity and signatures.
 * Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a specific file comes from.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * rpm
 * rpm2cpio
@@ Line 218: / Line 357: @@
 * yum
 * yumdownloader
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.1 Work on the command line</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command line. The objective assumes the bash shell.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on the command line.
 * Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting environment variables.
 * Use and edit command history.
 * Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * .
 * bash
@@ Line 247: / Line 401: @@
 * uname
 * history
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.2 Process text streams using filters</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * cat
 * cut
@@ Line 277: / Line 445: @@
 * uniq
 * wc
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.3 Perform basic file management</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and directories.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
 * Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
@@ Line 293: / Line 473: @@
 * Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
 * Usage of tar, cpio and dd.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * cp
 * find
@@ Line 310: / Line 492: @@
 * bzip2
 * file globbing
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data.
+Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
 * Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
 * Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
 * Send output to both stdout and a file.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * tee
 * xargs
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Run jobs in the foreground and background.
 * Signal a program to continue running after logout.
@@ Line 342: / Line 551: @@
 * Select and sort processes for display.
 * Send signals to processes.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * &
 * bg
@@ Line 354: / Line 565: @@
 * uptime
 * killall
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.6 Modify process execution priorities</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Know the default priority of a job that is created.
 * Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default..
 * Change the priority of a running process.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * nice
 * ps
 * renice
 * top
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.7 Search text files using regular expressions</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
 * Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * grep
 * egrep
@@ Line 390: / Line 631: @@
 * sed
 * regex(7)
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, basic vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Navigate a document using vi.
 * Use basic vi modes.
 * Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * vi
 * /, ?
@@ Line 410: / Line 665: @@
 * c, d, p, y, dd, yy
 * ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.1 Create partitions and filesystems</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as:
 ** ext2/ext3/ext4
@@ Line 427: / Line 697: @@
 ** reiserfs v3
 ** vfat
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * fdisk
 * mkfs
 * mkswap
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data associated with a journaling filesystem.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Verify the integrity of filesystems.
 * Monitor free space and inodes.
 * Repair simple filesystem problems.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * du
 * df
@@ Line 455: / Line 742: @@
 * tune2fs
 * xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
 * Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
 * Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/fstab
 * /media
 * mount
 * umount
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.4 Manage disk quotas</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Set up a disk quota for a filesystem.
 * Edit, check and generate user quota reports.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * quota
 * edquota
 * repquota
 * quotaon
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of permissions and ownerships.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories.
 * Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain security.
 * Know how to change the file creation mask.
 * Use the group field to grant file access to group members.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * chmod
 * umask
 * chown
 * chgrp
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Create links.
 * Identify hard and/or soft links.
 * Copying versus linking files.
 * Use links to support system administration tasks.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ln
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
 * Find files and commands on a Linux system.
 * Know the location and purpose of important file and directories as defined in the FHS.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * find
 * locate
@@ Line 546: / Line 913: @@
 * type
 * /etc/updatedb.conf
 <br />
 <br />
 <br />
 ==Objectives: Exam 102==
 ===''Topic 105: Shells, Scripting and Data Management''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">105.1 Customize and use the shell environment</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
 * Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
 * Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
 * Set command search path with the proper directory.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/profile
 * env
@@ Line 578: / Line 962: @@
 * alias
 * lists
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">105.2 Customize or write simple scripts</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new BASH scripts.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new BASH scripts.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
 * Use command substitution.
@@ Line 594: / Line 992: @@
 * Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
 * Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * for
 * while
@@ Line 601: / Line 1,001: @@
 * read
 * seq
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">105.3 SQL data management</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to query databases and manipulate data using basic SQL commands. This objective includes performing queries involving joining of 2 tables and/or subselects.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to query databases and manipulate data using basic SQL commands. This objective includes performing queries involving joining of 2 tables and/or subselects.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Use of basic SQL commands.
 * Perform basic data manipulation.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * insert
 * update
@@ Line 623: / Line 1,039: @@
 * order by
 * join
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">106.1 Install and configure X11</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server.
 * Awareness of the X font server.
 * Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/X11/xorg.conf
 * xhost
@@ Line 645: / Line 1,078: @@
 * xdpyinfo
 * X
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">106.2 Setup a display manager</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to setup and customize a display manager. This objective covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager).
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to setup and customize a display manager. This objective covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager).
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Turn the display manager on or off.
 * Change the display manager greeting.
 * Change default color depth for the display manager.
 * Configure display managers for use by X-stations.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/inittab
 * xdm configuration files
 * kdm configuration files
 * gdm configuration files
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">106.3 Accessibility</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 1
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX)
 * Visual Settings and Themes
 * Assistive Technology (ATs)
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * Sticky/Repeat Keys
 * Slow/Bounce/Toggle Keys
@@ Line 690: / Line 1,155: @@
 * GOK
 * emacspeak
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 107: Administrative Tasks''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 5
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
+'''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Add, modify and remove users and groups.
 * Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
 * Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/passwd
 * /etc/shadow
@@ Line 718: / Line 1,198: @@
 * userdel
 * usermod
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to use cron or anacron to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to use cron or anacron to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Manage cron and at jobs.
 * Configure user access to cron and at services.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}
 * /etc/at.deny
@@ Line 742: / Line 1,238: @@
 * atq
 * atrm
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">107.3 Localisation and internationalisation</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Locale settings.
 * Timezone settings.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/timezone
 * /etc/localtime
@@ Line 771: / Line 1,283: @@
 * ASCII
 * Unicode
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 108: Essential System Services''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">108.1 Maintain system time</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Set the system date and time.
 * Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
@@ Line 788: / Line 1,315: @@
 * Basic NTP configuration.
 * Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /usr/share/zoneinfo
 * /etc/timezone
@@ Line 798: / Line 1,327: @@
 * ntpdate
 * pool.ntp.org
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">108.2 System logging</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure the syslog daemon. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to configure the syslog daemon. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * syslog configuration files
 * syslog
 * standard facilities, priorities and actions
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * syslog.conf
 * syslogd
 * klogd
 * logger
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Create e-mail aliases.
 * Configure e-mail forwarding.
 * Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, qmail, exim) (no configuration)
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ~/.forward
 * sendmail emulation layer commands
@@ Line 839: / Line 1,400: @@
 * exim
 * qmail
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">108.4 Manage printers and printing</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
 * Manage user print queues.
 * Troubleshoot general printing problems.
 * Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
 * /etc/cups
 * lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Demonstrate an understanding network masks.
 * Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP-Addresses.
@@ Line 876: / Line 1,468: @@
 * Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
 * Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/services
 * ftp
@@ Line 885: / Line 1,479: @@
 * traceroute
 * tracepath
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">109.2 Basic network configuration</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings on client hosts.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings on client hosts.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
 * Basic TCP/IP host configuration.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/hostname
 * /etc/hosts
@@ Line 907: / Line 1,516: @@
 * ifdown
 * route
 * ping
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">109.3 Basic network troubleshooting</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 4
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing tables to include adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or reconfiguring network interfaces.
 * Change, view, or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set default route manually.
 * Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ifconfig
 * ifup
@@ Line 932: / Line 1,557: @@
 * ping
 * traceroute
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">109.4 Configure client side DNS</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 2
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system.
 * Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/hosts
 * /etc/resolv.conf
 * /etc/nsswitch.conf
 <br />
 <br />
 ===''Topic 110: Security''===
 ====<span style="color:navy">110.1 Perform security administration tasks</span>====
 {|
 | style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
 | style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
 * Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
@@ Line 965: / Line 1,615: @@
 * Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
 * Basic sudo configuration and usage.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * find
 * passwd
@@ Line 977: / Line 1,629: @@
 * usermod
 * ulimit
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">110.2 Setup host security</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
 * Turn off network services not in use.
 * Understand the role of TCP wrappers.
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * /etc/nologin
 * /etc/passwd
@@ Line 1,002: / Line 1,670: @@
 * /etc/hosts.allow
 * /etc/hosts.deny
 <br />
 ====<span style="color:navy">110.3 Securing data with encryption</span>====
 {|
-| style="background:#dadada" | '''Weight'''
+| style="background:#dadada" |
+'''Weight'''
 | style="background:#eaeaea" | 3
 |-
-| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" | '''Description'''
+| style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em" |
-| style="background:#eaeaea" | The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.
+'''Description'''
+| style="background:#eaeaea" |
+The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.
 |}
 '''Key Knowledge Areas:'''
 * Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
 * Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
 * Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
 * Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
 '''The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:'''
 * ssh
 * ssh-keygen

Difference between revisions of "LPIC-1"

Revision as of 09:23, 6 March 2012

Contents

Introduction

Version Information

Addenda

Addendum (Apr 1st, 2012)

Addendum (Oct 1st, 2011)

Addendum (Apr 1st, 2009)

Addendum (Jan 1st, 2009)

Translations of Objectives

Objectives: Exam 101

Topic 101: System Architecture

101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings

101.2 Boot the system

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system

Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management

102.1 Design hard disk layout

102.2 Install a boot manager

102.3 Manage shared libraries

102.4 Use Debian package management

102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management

Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands

103.1 Work on the command line

103.2 Process text streams using filters

103.3 Perform basic file management

103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects

103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes

103.6 Modify process execution priorities

103.7 Search text files using regular expressions

103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi

Topic 104: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

104.1 Create partitions and filesystems

104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems

104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems

104.4 Manage disk quotas

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership

104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links

104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location

Objectives: Exam 102

Topic 105: Shells, Scripting and Data Management

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment

105.2 Customize or write simple scripts

105.3 SQL data management

Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops

106.1 Install and configure X11

106.2 Setup a display manager

106.3 Accessibility

Topic 107: Administrative Tasks

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files

107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs

107.3 Localisation and internationalisation

Topic 108: Essential System Services

108.1 Maintain system time

108.2 System logging

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics

108.4 Manage printers and printing

Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols

109.2 Basic network configuration

109.3 Basic network troubleshooting

109.4 Configure client side DNS

Topic 110: Security

110.1 Perform security administration tasks

110.2 Setup host security

110.3 Securing data with encryption

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